Necesidades socioemocionales en la niñez y juventud liberada de patria potestad desde la perspectiva de sus figuras de cuidado
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Publicado
2025-12-30
Sylvia Martínez Mejías
Juliana Seda Raffucci
Corina Delfino Blanco
Emmanuel Peña Serrano
Keiliany Rivera Santiago
Patricia Aponte Rosa
Viviana Rosado De Medeiros
Gabriela Soto Ríos
David Pérez Jiménez
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9142-106X
Resumo
El propósito del estudio fue identificar las necesidades socioemocionales de la niñez liberada de patria potestad en Puerto Rico desde la perspectiva de sus personas cuidadoras. Mediante un diseño cualitativo fenomenológico, entrevistamos a 35 figuras cuidadoras de menores entre 6 y 15 años pertenecientes a la Unidad de Adopción del Departamento de la Familia en 2020. Los resultados revelaron que esta población enfrenta necesidades socioemocionales significativas vinculadas a experiencias de maltrato, negligencia y múltiples cambios de hogar. Las personas entrevistadas identificaron dificultades en el manejo de emociones, conductas externalizantes y carencias afectivas. Además, encontramos que las personas cuidadoras enfrentaban desafíos en el manejo de estas conductas debido a la falta de información sobre el historial de cada menor y al adiestramiento adecuado. Destacamos la importancia del rol de la figura cuidadora en el desarrollo socioemocional de la población de menores y la necesidad de fomentar estabilidad y vínculos afectivos. Concluimos la relevancia de proporcionar a la población de menores una ubicación estable, servicios psicológicos consistentes y capacitación para sus personas cuidadoras. Enfatizamos la importancia de considerar experiencias de trauma y el contexto particular de cada menor al diseñar intervenciones para fomentar el desarrollo de nuevos vínculos y promover desarrollo socioemocional.
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Keywords
References
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Bettmann, J. E., Mortensen, J. M., Akuoko, K. O., & Tatum, C. A. (2016). Orphanage staff's perceptions of children's psychosocial needs. Children & Society, 31(1), 37-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12164
Bos, K., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Drury, S. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2011). Psychiatric outcomes in young children with a history of institutionalization. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 19(1), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.3109/10673229.2011.549773
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. Routledge.
Bowlby, J. (1952). Maternal care and mental health. A report prepared on behalf of the World Health Organization as a contribution to the United Nations programme for the welfare of homeless children, 2nd ed. World Health Organization. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/40724
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Harvard University Press.
Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3), 228-249. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01287.x
Child Welfare League of America. (2024). Puerto Rico’s children. CWLA.
https://www.cwla.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PuertoRico-2024.pdf
Crittenden, P. M., Robson, K., Tooby, A., & Fleming, C. (2017). Are mothers’ protective attachment strategies related to their children’s strategies? Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 22(3), 358-377. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104517704027
Crittenden, P. M. (1992). Quality of attachment in the preschool years. Development and
Psychopathology, 4(2), 209-241. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400000110
Crittenden, P. M. (2000). A dynamic-maturational exploration of the meaning of security and adaptation. Empirical, cultural and theoretical considerations. In P. M. Crittenden, & A. H. Claussen (Eds.), The organization of attachment relationships: Maturation, culture, and context (pp. 358–383). Cambridge University Press.
Delfino, C. M. (2022). Vínculos afectivos entre un grupo de menores y cuidadoras en el contexto de cuidado institucional en Puerto Rico (Publication No. 29324842) [Disertación doctoral, Universidad de Puerto Rico Recinto de Río Piedras]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. https://repositorio.upr.edu/handle/11721/3063
Dozier, M., Zeanah, C. H., Wallin, A. R., & Shauffer, C. (2012). Institutional care for young children: Review of literature and policy implications. Social Issues and Policy Review, 6(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2011.01033.x
Engler, A. M., Sarpong, K. O., Van Horne, B. S., Greeley, C. S., & Keefe, R. J. (2020). A systematic review of mental health disorders of children in foster care. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23(1), 255-264. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020941197
Guest, G., MacQueen, K. M., & Namey, E. E. (2012). Validity and reliability (credibility and
dependability) in qualitative research and data analysis. In Applied thematic analysis (pp. 79-106). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384436
Howe, D. (2005). Child abuse and neglect: Attachment, development and intervention. Palgrave Macmillan.
Kaur, R., Vinnakota, A., Panigrahi, S., & Manasa, R. V. (2018). A descriptive study on behavioral and emotional problems in orphans and other vulnerable children staying in institutional homes. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 40(2), 161-168. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_316_17
Martínez-Usarralde, M. J., Conchell, R., Villar, M., & Pérez-Tabernero, L. (2025). The need for better attachment bonds between institutional caregivers and children in residential care: A systematic review. Behavioral Sciences, 15(3), 245. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030245
McCall, R. B. (2013). Review: The consequences of early institutionalization: Can institutions be improved? - Should they? Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 18(4), 193-201. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12025
McCoy, M. L. & Keen, S. M. (2022). Child abuse and neglect (3rd ed.) Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429356353
Mertens, D. M. (2015). Research and evaluation in education and psychology (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Richardson, E. W., Grogan, C. S., Richardson S. L. L., & Small, S. L. (2018). Displacement, caregiving, and the ecological system of youth in foster care: A theoretical perspective. Journal of Family Social Work, 21(4-5), 348-364. https://doi.org/10.1080/10522158.2018.1469561
Rosado-De Medeiros, V. L. (2024). El vínculo fraternal en contextos de cuidado sustituto (Publication No. 31299795) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico] ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
Silva Ceriani, G. (2024). La inseparabilidad de los hermanos en adopción: Una interpretación desde la evidencia en trauma complejo y la institucionalización. Revista del Instituto de Estudios Judiciales (IEJ), 9, 61-77.
SocioCultural Research Consultants, LLC. (2020). Dedoose (Version 8.1) [Computer software]. https://www.dedoose.com
Stefanović-Stanojević, T., Tošić-Radev, M., & Velikić, D. (2015). Maternal Attachment and Children's Emotional and Cognitive Competences. Psychological Topics, 24(1), 51-69. http://hrcak.srce.hr/138410
Streicher, A., Haselgruber, A., Sölva, K., & Lueger-Schuster, B. (2023). Co-development of traumatic stress symptoms and externalising behaviour problems among foster children and the effect of complex trauma: A latent growth curve model. BMJ Open, 13(8), e067860. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067860
Sulasmi, E. (2020). The development strategy of human resources management in Children’s Social Welfare Institution (LKSA) (case study in LKSA AL-Mubaraak Orphanage Bengkulu). Budapest International Research and Critics Institute Journal, 3(1), 562-569.
van der Voort, A., Juffer, F., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2014). Sensitive parenting is the foundation for secure attachment relationships and positive social-emotional development of children. Journal of Children's Services, 9(2), 165-176.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JCS-12-2013-0038
van IJzendoorn, M. H., Palacios, J., Sonuga‐Barke, E. J., Gunnar, M. R., Vorria, P., McCall, R. B., LeMare, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Dobrova-Krol, N. A., & Juffer, I. F. (2011). Children in institutional care: Delayed development and resilience. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 76(4), 8-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00626.x
West, D., Van Holen, F., Verheyden, C., Gypen, L., & Vanderfaeillie, J. (2022). Attachment of
young foster children. Developmental Child Welfare, 4(4), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/25161032221129287
Wilcox, D. T. & Baim, C. (2016). Applications of the dynamic‐maturational model of attachment with children involved in care and family proceedings. Child Abuse Review, 25(4), 287-299. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2380
Bettmann, J. E., Mortensen, J. M., Akuoko, K. O., & Tatum, C. A. (2016). Orphanage staff's perceptions of children's psychosocial needs. Children & Society, 31(1), 37-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12164
Bos, K., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Drury, S. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2011). Psychiatric outcomes in young children with a history of institutionalization. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 19(1), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.3109/10673229.2011.549773
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. Routledge.
Bowlby, J. (1952). Maternal care and mental health. A report prepared on behalf of the World Health Organization as a contribution to the United Nations programme for the welfare of homeless children, 2nd ed. World Health Organization. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/40724
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Harvard University Press.
Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3), 228-249. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01287.x
Child Welfare League of America. (2024). Puerto Rico’s children. CWLA.
https://www.cwla.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PuertoRico-2024.pdf
Crittenden, P. M., Robson, K., Tooby, A., & Fleming, C. (2017). Are mothers’ protective attachment strategies related to their children’s strategies? Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 22(3), 358-377. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104517704027
Crittenden, P. M. (1992). Quality of attachment in the preschool years. Development and
Psychopathology, 4(2), 209-241. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400000110
Crittenden, P. M. (2000). A dynamic-maturational exploration of the meaning of security and adaptation. Empirical, cultural and theoretical considerations. In P. M. Crittenden, & A. H. Claussen (Eds.), The organization of attachment relationships: Maturation, culture, and context (pp. 358–383). Cambridge University Press.
Delfino, C. M. (2022). Vínculos afectivos entre un grupo de menores y cuidadoras en el contexto de cuidado institucional en Puerto Rico (Publication No. 29324842) [Disertación doctoral, Universidad de Puerto Rico Recinto de Río Piedras]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. https://repositorio.upr.edu/handle/11721/3063
Dozier, M., Zeanah, C. H., Wallin, A. R., & Shauffer, C. (2012). Institutional care for young children: Review of literature and policy implications. Social Issues and Policy Review, 6(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2011.01033.x
Engler, A. M., Sarpong, K. O., Van Horne, B. S., Greeley, C. S., & Keefe, R. J. (2020). A systematic review of mental health disorders of children in foster care. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23(1), 255-264. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020941197
Guest, G., MacQueen, K. M., & Namey, E. E. (2012). Validity and reliability (credibility and
dependability) in qualitative research and data analysis. In Applied thematic analysis (pp. 79-106). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384436
Howe, D. (2005). Child abuse and neglect: Attachment, development and intervention. Palgrave Macmillan.
Kaur, R., Vinnakota, A., Panigrahi, S., & Manasa, R. V. (2018). A descriptive study on behavioral and emotional problems in orphans and other vulnerable children staying in institutional homes. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 40(2), 161-168. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_316_17
Martínez-Usarralde, M. J., Conchell, R., Villar, M., & Pérez-Tabernero, L. (2025). The need for better attachment bonds between institutional caregivers and children in residential care: A systematic review. Behavioral Sciences, 15(3), 245. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030245
McCall, R. B. (2013). Review: The consequences of early institutionalization: Can institutions be improved? - Should they? Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 18(4), 193-201. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12025
McCoy, M. L. & Keen, S. M. (2022). Child abuse and neglect (3rd ed.) Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429356353
Mertens, D. M. (2015). Research and evaluation in education and psychology (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Richardson, E. W., Grogan, C. S., Richardson S. L. L., & Small, S. L. (2018). Displacement, caregiving, and the ecological system of youth in foster care: A theoretical perspective. Journal of Family Social Work, 21(4-5), 348-364. https://doi.org/10.1080/10522158.2018.1469561
Rosado-De Medeiros, V. L. (2024). El vínculo fraternal en contextos de cuidado sustituto (Publication No. 31299795) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico] ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
Silva Ceriani, G. (2024). La inseparabilidad de los hermanos en adopción: Una interpretación desde la evidencia en trauma complejo y la institucionalización. Revista del Instituto de Estudios Judiciales (IEJ), 9, 61-77.
SocioCultural Research Consultants, LLC. (2020). Dedoose (Version 8.1) [Computer software]. https://www.dedoose.com
Stefanović-Stanojević, T., Tošić-Radev, M., & Velikić, D. (2015). Maternal Attachment and Children's Emotional and Cognitive Competences. Psychological Topics, 24(1), 51-69. http://hrcak.srce.hr/138410
Streicher, A., Haselgruber, A., Sölva, K., & Lueger-Schuster, B. (2023). Co-development of traumatic stress symptoms and externalising behaviour problems among foster children and the effect of complex trauma: A latent growth curve model. BMJ Open, 13(8), e067860. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067860
Sulasmi, E. (2020). The development strategy of human resources management in Children’s Social Welfare Institution (LKSA) (case study in LKSA AL-Mubaraak Orphanage Bengkulu). Budapest International Research and Critics Institute Journal, 3(1), 562-569.
van der Voort, A., Juffer, F., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2014). Sensitive parenting is the foundation for secure attachment relationships and positive social-emotional development of children. Journal of Children's Services, 9(2), 165-176.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JCS-12-2013-0038
van IJzendoorn, M. H., Palacios, J., Sonuga‐Barke, E. J., Gunnar, M. R., Vorria, P., McCall, R. B., LeMare, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Dobrova-Krol, N. A., & Juffer, I. F. (2011). Children in institutional care: Delayed development and resilience. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 76(4), 8-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00626.x
West, D., Van Holen, F., Verheyden, C., Gypen, L., & Vanderfaeillie, J. (2022). Attachment of
young foster children. Developmental Child Welfare, 4(4), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/25161032221129287
Wilcox, D. T. & Baim, C. (2016). Applications of the dynamic‐maturational model of attachment with children involved in care and family proceedings. Child Abuse Review, 25(4), 287-299. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2380
Como Citar
Necesidades socioemocionales en la niñez y juventud liberada de patria potestad desde la perspectiva de sus figuras de cuidado. (2025). Revista Puertorriqueña De Psicologia, 36(3), 366-382. https://doi.org/10.55611/reps.3603.03
Seção
Artículo de investigación
Si se acepta un trabajo para su publicación, los derechos de impresión y de reproducción por cualquier forma y medio son de la Asociación de Psicología de Puerto Rico (APPR), que no rechazará cualquier petición razonable por parte de los autores para obtener el permiso de reproducción de sus contribuciones. Debe adjuntarse una carta tipo de cesión de derechos. Se entiende que las opiniones expresadas en los artículos son de responsabilidad exclusiva de los autores y no comprometen la opinión y política científica de la Revista ni de la APPR. Igualmente, las actividades descritas en los trabajos publicados estarán de acuerdo con los criterios de ética, tanto por lo que se refiere a los trabajos con humanos como a la experimentación animal, así como en todo lo relativo a la ética profesional.
Como Citar
Necesidades socioemocionales en la niñez y juventud liberada de patria potestad desde la perspectiva de sus figuras de cuidado. (2025). Revista Puertorriqueña De Psicologia, 36(3), 366-382. https://doi.org/10.55611/reps.3603.03