The impact of COVID-19 work demands on work-family conflict and psychological well-being among essential non-healthcare workers
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Published
2022-01-16
Ernesto Rosario Hernández
Coral M. Jiménez
Anaily M. Ocasio
Alixida Ramos Pibernus
Eliut Rivera Segarra
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2523-6162
Abstract
This study examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on essential non-health care workers by examining perception of job demands and resources and its impact on work-family conflict and psychological well-being. We used the Job-Demands Resources model to examine the study variables. This is the first phase of an ongoing longitudinal study. A convenience sample of 161 essential non-health care workers participated in the baseline phase presented in this study. We developed three questionnaires to measure: 1) COVID-related work demands, 2) organizational, and 3) personal resources based on the Job Demands-Resources model, and 4) work-family conflict due to COVID-19. We also measured general psychological distress, anxiety, and depressive symptomatology. We conducted partial least squares structural equation modeling to test the hypotheses. Preliminary baseline results suggest that COVID-19 work demands had positive and significant relations to work family-conflict, anxiety, and depression, but it had a negative and significant relation to general psychological distress. Meanwhile, personal resources only significantly mediated the relationship between COVID-19 related work demands and depression (IE = -.061, p = .028). Findings suggest that COVID-19-related demands had significant effects on all study dependent variables, particularly work-family conflict. Personal resources only mediated relationship between COVID-19 work demands and depression.
Article Metrics Graph
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Keywords
References
American Psychological Association. (2020). Stress in America: A national mental health crisis. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2020/sia-mental-health-crisis.pdf
Alshekaili M., Hassan, W., Al Said, N., Al Sulaimani, F., Jayapal, S.K., Al-Mawali, A., Chan, M.F., Mahadevan, S., & Al-Adawi, S. (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes across healthcare settings in Oman during COVID-19: frontline versus non-frontline healthcare workers. BMJ Open, 10(10), e042030. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.23.20138032
Baeriswyl, S., Krause, A, & Schwaninger, A. (2016). Emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction in airport security officers – work-familiy conflict as mediator in the Job Demands-Resources model. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 663. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00663
Bakker, A. B. (2011). An evidence-based model of work engagement. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(4), 265–269.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411414534
Boudrias, J.-S., Desrumaux, P., Gaudreau, P., Nelson, K., Brunet, L., & Savoie, A. (2011). Modeling the experience of psychological health at work: The role of personal resources, social-organizational resources, and job demands. International Journal of Stress Management, 18(4), 372–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025353
Cai H., Tu B., Ma J., Chen L., Fu L., Jiang Y., Zhuang Q. (2020). Psychological Impact and Coping Strategies of Frontline Medical Staff in Hunan Between January and March 2020 During the Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID 19) in Hubei, China. Medical Sciences Moni-tor, 26, e924171.
https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.924171
Cavanaugh, M.A., Boswell, W.R., Roehling, M.V., & Boudreau, J.W. (2000). An empirical examination of self-reported work stress among U.S. managers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 65-74. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.85.1.65
Chin W.W. (2010) How to Write Up and Report PLS Analyses. In: Esposito Vinzi V., Chin W., Henseler J., Wang H. (eds.), Handbook of Partial Least Squares. Springer Handbooks of Computational Statistics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32827-8_29
Chin, W. W., Marcolin, B. L., & Newsted, P. R. (2003). A Partial Least Squares Latent Variable Modeling Approach for Measuring Interaction Effects: Results from a Monte Carlo Simulation Study and an Electronic-Mail Emotion/Adoption Study. Information Systems Research, 14(2), 189–217. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.14.2.189.16018
De Boni R, Balanzá-Martínez V, Correa J, Azevedo T, Ballester P, Atienza-Carbonell B, Bastos F, & Kapczinski F. (2020). Depression, Anxiety, and Lifestyle Among Essential Workers: A Web Survey from Brazil and Spain During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(20): e22835. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/22835
De Carlo, A., Girardi, D., Falco, A., Dal Corso, & Di Sipio, A. (2019). When does work interfere with teachers’ private? An application of the Job Demands-Resources Model. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1121.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01121
Demerouti, E. & Bakker, A.B. (2011). The Job Demands-Resources model: Challenges for future research. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v37i2.974
Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B. (1992). A primer for soft modeling. University of Akron Press.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Ghislieri, C., Molino, M., Dolce, V., Sanseverino, D., & Presutti, M. (2021). Work-family conflict during the Covid-19 pandemic: Teleworking of administrative and technical staff in healthcare. An Italian study. La Medicina del Lavoro, 15(112), 229-240.
https://doi.org/10.23749/mdl.v112i3.11227
Gilleen, J., Santaolalla, A., Valdearenas, L., Salice, C., Fusté, M. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health and well-being of UK healthcare workers. BJ Psych Open, 7(e88), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.42
Goldberg, D.P., Gater. R., Satorius. N., Üstün, T.B., Piccinelli, M., Gureje, O., & Rutter, M. (1997). The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychological Medicine, 27(1), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291796004242
Goode, W.J. (1960). A theory of role strain. American Sociological Review, 25(4), 483-496. https://doi.org/10.2307/2092933
Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources and conflict between work and family roles. The Academy of Manage-ment Review, 10(1), 76-88. https://doi.org/10.2307/258214
Grover, S.L., Teo, S.T.T., Pick, D., & Roche, M. (2017). Mindfulness as a personal resource to reduce work stress in the job demands-resources model. Stress & Health, 33(4), 426-436.
https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2726
Hair, J., Hult, T., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Henseler, J. & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Goodness-of-fit indices for partial least squares path modeling. Computational Statistics, 28(2), 565-580.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00180-012-0317-1
Henseler, J., Ringle, C.M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessment discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., & Durham, C. C. (1997). The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach. Research in Organizational Behavior, 19, 151-188.
Kisely, S., Warren, N., McMahon, L., Dalais, C., Henry, I., & Siskind, D. (2020). Occurrence, prevention, and management of the psychological effects of emerging virus outbreaks on healthcare workers: Rapid review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 369, m1642. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1642
Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 11(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101
Kohn, M. L., & Schooler, C. (1982). Job conditions and personality: A longitudinal assessment of their reciprocal effects. American Journal of Sociology, 87(6), 1257-1286. https://doi.org/10.1086/227593
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R.L., & Williams, J.B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 606-613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
Lai, S., Ruktanonchai, N.W., Zhou, L., Prosper, O., Luo, W., Floyd, J.R., Wesolowski, A., Santillana, M., Zhang, C., Du, X., Yu, H., Tatem, A.J. (2020). Effect of non-pharmaceutical interven-tions to contain COVID-19 in China. Nature, 585(7825), 410-413.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2293-x
Lan, F.-Y., Suharlim, C. Kales, S.N., & Yang, J. (2020). Association between SARS-CoV-2 infection, exposure risk and mental health among a cohort of essential retail workers in the USA. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 78, 237-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2020-106774
Lepine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P., & Lepine, M. A. (2005). A meta-analytic test of the challenge stressor-hindrance stressor framework: An explanation for incon-sistent relationships among stressors and performance. Academy of Manage-ment Journal, 48(5), 764-775.
https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2005.18803921
Lin Toh, W., Meyer, D., Phillipou, A., Tan, E., Van Rheenen, T., Neill, E., Rossell, S. (2021). Mental health status of healthcare versus other essential workers in Australia amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: Initial results from the collate project. Psychiatry Research, 298, 113822.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113822
MacKinnon, D.P., Krull, J.L., & Lockwood, C.M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1, 173-181. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026595011371
Merton, R.K. & Merton, R.C. (1968). Social theory and social structure. NY, New York: Simon & Schuster.
Mohd Fauzi, M.F.; Mohd Yusoff, H.; Muhamad Robat, R.; Mat Saruan, N.A.; Ismail, K.I.; Mohd Haris, A.F. (2020). Doctors’ Mental Health in the Midst of COVID-19 Pandemic: The Roles of Work Demands and Recovery Experi-ences. International Journal of Environ-mental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 7340. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197340
Moreno-Jiménez, J.E., Blanco-Donoso, L.M., Chico-Fernández, M., Belda Hofheinz, S., Moreno-Jiménez, B., Garrosa, E. (2021). The Job Demands and Resources Related to COVID-19 in Predicting Emotional Exhaustion and Secondary Traumatic Stress Among Health Professionals in Spain. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 564036.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.564036
Mrklas, K., Shalaby, R., Hrabok, M., Gusnowski, A., Vuong, W., Surood, S., Urichuk, L., Li, D., Li, X., Greenshaw, A., & Agyapong, V. (2020). Prevalence of perceived stress, anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in health care workers and other workers in Alberta during the COVID-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional survey. JMIR Mental Health, 7(9), e22408. https://mental.jmir.org/2020/9/e22408
Pagán-Torres, O.M., González-Rivera, J.A., & Rosario-Hernández, E. (2020). Reviewing the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) in a sample of Puerto Rican adults. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 11(1), 36885-36888.
Pagán-Torres, O. M., González-Rivera, J. A., & Rosario-Hernández, E. (2020). Psychometric Analysis and Factor Structure of the Spanish Version of the Eight-Item Patient Health Questionnaire in a General Sample of Puerto Rican Adults. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 42(3), 401–415. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986320926524
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Rigotti, T., De Cuyper, N., & Sekiguchi, T. (2020). The Corona Crisis: What Can We Learn from Earlier Studies in Applied Psychology? Applied Psychology: An International Review, 69(3), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12265
Ringle, C.M., Wende, S., & Becker, J-M. (2015). SmartPLS 3. Bönningstedt: SmartPLS. http://www.smartpls.com
Rosario-Hernández, E., Rovira Millán, L.V., Díaz Pla, L., Segarra Colondres, C., Soto Franceschii, J.A., Rodríguez Irizarry, A., Arzola Berrios, X., Santiago Pacheco, E., Bisbal Vicens, L. & Hernández Martínez, L. (2013). Las demandas laborales y su relación con el bienestar psicológico y físico: El papel mediador de la rumiación sobre el trabajo . Revista Interamericana de Psicología Ocupacional, 32(2), 69-95.
Sánchez-López, M.P. and Dresch,V. (2008). The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12): Reliability, external validaity and factor structure in the Spanish population. Psicothema, 20(4), 839-843.
Santa Maria, A., Wörfel, F., Wolter, C., Gusy, B., Rotter, M., Stark, S., Kleiber, D., & Renneberg, B. (2018). The role of job demands and job resources in the development of emotional exhaustion, depression, and anxiety among police officers. Police Quarterly, 21(1), 109-134. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611117743957
Schaufeli, W.B., Bakker, A.B., & Van Rhenen, W. (2009). How changes in job demands and resources predict burnout, work engagement, and sickness absenteeism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(7), 893-917.
https://doi.org/10.1002/job.595
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16(2), 201–228.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01173489
Sim, M.R. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: Major risks to healthcare and other workers on the front line. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 77, 281-282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2020-106567
Spitzer, R.L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J.B.W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092-1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
World Health Organization. (2020). COVID-19 disrupting mental health services in most countries, WHO survey. https://www.who.int/news/item/05-10-2020-covid-19-disrupting-mental-health-services-in-most-countries-who-survey
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 121-141.
https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.121
https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2020/sia-mental-health-crisis.pdf
Alshekaili M., Hassan, W., Al Said, N., Al Sulaimani, F., Jayapal, S.K., Al-Mawali, A., Chan, M.F., Mahadevan, S., & Al-Adawi, S. (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes across healthcare settings in Oman during COVID-19: frontline versus non-frontline healthcare workers. BMJ Open, 10(10), e042030. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.23.20138032
Baeriswyl, S., Krause, A, & Schwaninger, A. (2016). Emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction in airport security officers – work-familiy conflict as mediator in the Job Demands-Resources model. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 663. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00663
Bakker, A. B. (2011). An evidence-based model of work engagement. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(4), 265–269.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411414534
Boudrias, J.-S., Desrumaux, P., Gaudreau, P., Nelson, K., Brunet, L., & Savoie, A. (2011). Modeling the experience of psychological health at work: The role of personal resources, social-organizational resources, and job demands. International Journal of Stress Management, 18(4), 372–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025353
Cai H., Tu B., Ma J., Chen L., Fu L., Jiang Y., Zhuang Q. (2020). Psychological Impact and Coping Strategies of Frontline Medical Staff in Hunan Between January and March 2020 During the Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID 19) in Hubei, China. Medical Sciences Moni-tor, 26, e924171.
https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.924171
Cavanaugh, M.A., Boswell, W.R., Roehling, M.V., & Boudreau, J.W. (2000). An empirical examination of self-reported work stress among U.S. managers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 65-74. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.85.1.65
Chin W.W. (2010) How to Write Up and Report PLS Analyses. In: Esposito Vinzi V., Chin W., Henseler J., Wang H. (eds.), Handbook of Partial Least Squares. Springer Handbooks of Computational Statistics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32827-8_29
Chin, W. W., Marcolin, B. L., & Newsted, P. R. (2003). A Partial Least Squares Latent Variable Modeling Approach for Measuring Interaction Effects: Results from a Monte Carlo Simulation Study and an Electronic-Mail Emotion/Adoption Study. Information Systems Research, 14(2), 189–217. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.14.2.189.16018
De Boni R, Balanzá-Martínez V, Correa J, Azevedo T, Ballester P, Atienza-Carbonell B, Bastos F, & Kapczinski F. (2020). Depression, Anxiety, and Lifestyle Among Essential Workers: A Web Survey from Brazil and Spain During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(20): e22835. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/22835
De Carlo, A., Girardi, D., Falco, A., Dal Corso, & Di Sipio, A. (2019). When does work interfere with teachers’ private? An application of the Job Demands-Resources Model. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1121.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01121
Demerouti, E. & Bakker, A.B. (2011). The Job Demands-Resources model: Challenges for future research. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v37i2.974
Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B. (1992). A primer for soft modeling. University of Akron Press.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Ghislieri, C., Molino, M., Dolce, V., Sanseverino, D., & Presutti, M. (2021). Work-family conflict during the Covid-19 pandemic: Teleworking of administrative and technical staff in healthcare. An Italian study. La Medicina del Lavoro, 15(112), 229-240.
https://doi.org/10.23749/mdl.v112i3.11227
Gilleen, J., Santaolalla, A., Valdearenas, L., Salice, C., Fusté, M. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health and well-being of UK healthcare workers. BJ Psych Open, 7(e88), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.42
Goldberg, D.P., Gater. R., Satorius. N., Üstün, T.B., Piccinelli, M., Gureje, O., & Rutter, M. (1997). The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychological Medicine, 27(1), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291796004242
Goode, W.J. (1960). A theory of role strain. American Sociological Review, 25(4), 483-496. https://doi.org/10.2307/2092933
Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources and conflict between work and family roles. The Academy of Manage-ment Review, 10(1), 76-88. https://doi.org/10.2307/258214
Grover, S.L., Teo, S.T.T., Pick, D., & Roche, M. (2017). Mindfulness as a personal resource to reduce work stress in the job demands-resources model. Stress & Health, 33(4), 426-436.
https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2726
Hair, J., Hult, T., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Henseler, J. & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Goodness-of-fit indices for partial least squares path modeling. Computational Statistics, 28(2), 565-580.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00180-012-0317-1
Henseler, J., Ringle, C.M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessment discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., & Durham, C. C. (1997). The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach. Research in Organizational Behavior, 19, 151-188.
Kisely, S., Warren, N., McMahon, L., Dalais, C., Henry, I., & Siskind, D. (2020). Occurrence, prevention, and management of the psychological effects of emerging virus outbreaks on healthcare workers: Rapid review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 369, m1642. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1642
Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 11(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101
Kohn, M. L., & Schooler, C. (1982). Job conditions and personality: A longitudinal assessment of their reciprocal effects. American Journal of Sociology, 87(6), 1257-1286. https://doi.org/10.1086/227593
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R.L., & Williams, J.B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 606-613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
Lai, S., Ruktanonchai, N.W., Zhou, L., Prosper, O., Luo, W., Floyd, J.R., Wesolowski, A., Santillana, M., Zhang, C., Du, X., Yu, H., Tatem, A.J. (2020). Effect of non-pharmaceutical interven-tions to contain COVID-19 in China. Nature, 585(7825), 410-413.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2293-x
Lan, F.-Y., Suharlim, C. Kales, S.N., & Yang, J. (2020). Association between SARS-CoV-2 infection, exposure risk and mental health among a cohort of essential retail workers in the USA. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 78, 237-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2020-106774
Lepine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P., & Lepine, M. A. (2005). A meta-analytic test of the challenge stressor-hindrance stressor framework: An explanation for incon-sistent relationships among stressors and performance. Academy of Manage-ment Journal, 48(5), 764-775.
https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2005.18803921
Lin Toh, W., Meyer, D., Phillipou, A., Tan, E., Van Rheenen, T., Neill, E., Rossell, S. (2021). Mental health status of healthcare versus other essential workers in Australia amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: Initial results from the collate project. Psychiatry Research, 298, 113822.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113822
MacKinnon, D.P., Krull, J.L., & Lockwood, C.M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1, 173-181. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026595011371
Merton, R.K. & Merton, R.C. (1968). Social theory and social structure. NY, New York: Simon & Schuster.
Mohd Fauzi, M.F.; Mohd Yusoff, H.; Muhamad Robat, R.; Mat Saruan, N.A.; Ismail, K.I.; Mohd Haris, A.F. (2020). Doctors’ Mental Health in the Midst of COVID-19 Pandemic: The Roles of Work Demands and Recovery Experi-ences. International Journal of Environ-mental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 7340. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197340
Moreno-Jiménez, J.E., Blanco-Donoso, L.M., Chico-Fernández, M., Belda Hofheinz, S., Moreno-Jiménez, B., Garrosa, E. (2021). The Job Demands and Resources Related to COVID-19 in Predicting Emotional Exhaustion and Secondary Traumatic Stress Among Health Professionals in Spain. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 564036.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.564036
Mrklas, K., Shalaby, R., Hrabok, M., Gusnowski, A., Vuong, W., Surood, S., Urichuk, L., Li, D., Li, X., Greenshaw, A., & Agyapong, V. (2020). Prevalence of perceived stress, anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in health care workers and other workers in Alberta during the COVID-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional survey. JMIR Mental Health, 7(9), e22408. https://mental.jmir.org/2020/9/e22408
Pagán-Torres, O.M., González-Rivera, J.A., & Rosario-Hernández, E. (2020). Reviewing the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) in a sample of Puerto Rican adults. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 11(1), 36885-36888.
Pagán-Torres, O. M., González-Rivera, J. A., & Rosario-Hernández, E. (2020). Psychometric Analysis and Factor Structure of the Spanish Version of the Eight-Item Patient Health Questionnaire in a General Sample of Puerto Rican Adults. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 42(3), 401–415. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986320926524
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Rigotti, T., De Cuyper, N., & Sekiguchi, T. (2020). The Corona Crisis: What Can We Learn from Earlier Studies in Applied Psychology? Applied Psychology: An International Review, 69(3), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12265
Ringle, C.M., Wende, S., & Becker, J-M. (2015). SmartPLS 3. Bönningstedt: SmartPLS. http://www.smartpls.com
Rosario-Hernández, E., Rovira Millán, L.V., Díaz Pla, L., Segarra Colondres, C., Soto Franceschii, J.A., Rodríguez Irizarry, A., Arzola Berrios, X., Santiago Pacheco, E., Bisbal Vicens, L. & Hernández Martínez, L. (2013). Las demandas laborales y su relación con el bienestar psicológico y físico: El papel mediador de la rumiación sobre el trabajo . Revista Interamericana de Psicología Ocupacional, 32(2), 69-95.
Sánchez-López, M.P. and Dresch,V. (2008). The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12): Reliability, external validaity and factor structure in the Spanish population. Psicothema, 20(4), 839-843.
Santa Maria, A., Wörfel, F., Wolter, C., Gusy, B., Rotter, M., Stark, S., Kleiber, D., & Renneberg, B. (2018). The role of job demands and job resources in the development of emotional exhaustion, depression, and anxiety among police officers. Police Quarterly, 21(1), 109-134. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611117743957
Schaufeli, W.B., Bakker, A.B., & Van Rhenen, W. (2009). How changes in job demands and resources predict burnout, work engagement, and sickness absenteeism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(7), 893-917.
https://doi.org/10.1002/job.595
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16(2), 201–228.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01173489
Sim, M.R. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: Major risks to healthcare and other workers on the front line. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 77, 281-282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2020-106567
Spitzer, R.L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J.B.W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092-1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
World Health Organization. (2020). COVID-19 disrupting mental health services in most countries, WHO survey. https://www.who.int/news/item/05-10-2020-covid-19-disrupting-mental-health-services-in-most-countries-who-survey
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 121-141.
https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.121
How to Cite
The impact of COVID-19 work demands on work-family conflict and psychological well-being among essential non-healthcare workers. (2022). Puerto Rican Journal of Psychology, 32(2), 220-236. https://www.repsasppr.net/index.php/reps/article/view/691
Section
Artículo de investigación
Si se acepta un trabajo para su publicación, los derechos de impresión y de reproducción por cualquier forma y medio son de la Asociación de Psicología de Puerto Rico (APPR), que no rechazará cualquier petición razonable por parte de los autores para obtener el permiso de reproducción de sus contribuciones. Debe adjuntarse una carta tipo de cesión de derechos. Se entiende que las opiniones expresadas en los artículos son de responsabilidad exclusiva de los autores y no comprometen la opinión y política científica de la Revista ni de la APPR. Igualmente, las actividades descritas en los trabajos publicados estarán de acuerdo con los criterios de ética, tanto por lo que se refiere a los trabajos con humanos como a la experimentación animal, así como en todo lo relativo a la ética profesional.
How to Cite
The impact of COVID-19 work demands on work-family conflict and psychological well-being among essential non-healthcare workers. (2022). Puerto Rican Journal of Psychology, 32(2), 220-236. https://www.repsasppr.net/index.php/reps/article/view/691