Family and intimate partner violence among Puerto Rican university students
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Publicado
Jun 28, 2019
Resumen
While the intergenerational transmission of violence has been widely studied in the United States and other countries, this problem has not been studied with a large sample in Puerto Rico. We aim to explore the prevalence and relationship between family and intimate partner violence among Puerto Rican university students and establish comparisons by sex. The convenience sample consisted of 3,951 students from the eleven campuses of the University of Puerto Rico who completed the Experiences of Violence in Couple and Family Relations in University Students Questionnaire (Villafañe-Santiago, Jiménez-Chafey, De Jesús, & Vázquez, 2012) and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Analysis included frequencies, arithmetic mean, t tests, the Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Multiple Regression Coefficients. Psychological violence was the most frequent form of violence. Men received more physical violence during their upbringing than women. In intimate relationships, women exerted more controlling behavior, verbal violence and threats, while men exerted more physical violence. Correlation and regression analysis support the intergenerational transmission of violence theory for this population. Results suggest that violence is a frequent problem in this population and that violence experienced during upbringing is significantly related to violence in subsequent relationships.
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Keywords
References
Alvarez, C. P., Davidson, P. M., Fleming, C., & Glass, N. E. (2016). Elements of effective interventions for addressing intimate partner violence in Latina women: A systematic review. PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160518
American Civil Liberties Union. (2012). Failure to police crimes of domestic violence and sexual assault. Retrieved from https://www.aclu.org/human-rights/failure-police-crimes-domestic-violence-and-sexual-assault-puerto-rico
Black, M. C. (2011). Intimate partner violence and adverse health consequences. Implications for clinicians. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 5, 428–439. doi: 10.1177/1559827611410265
Boira, S., Chilet-Rosell, E., Jaramillo-Quiroz, S., & Reinoso, J. (2017). Sexism, distorted thoughts and violence in couple relationships in Ecuadorian universities with students related to welfare and health. Universitas Psychologica, 16(4), 1–12. doi:11144/Javeriana.upsy16-4.spdv
Breiding, M. J., Chen, J., & Black, M. C. (2014). Intimate partner violence in the United States — 2010. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/cdc_nisvs_ipv_report_2013_v17_single_a.pdf
Bucheli, M., & Rossi, M. (2017). Attitudes towards partner violence and gender roles in Uruguayan women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32, 1–13. doi:10.1177/0886260515602897
Cale, J., Tzoumakis, S., Leclerc, B., & Breckenridge, J. (2017). Patterns of Intimate Partner Violence victimization among Australia and New Zealand female university students: An initial examination of child maltreatment and self-reported depressive symptoms across profiles. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 50, 582–601. doi:10.1177/0004865816666615
Cercone, J. J., Beach, S. R., & Arias, I. (2005). Gender symmetry in dating intimate partner violence: Does similar behavior imply similar constructs? Violence and Victims, 20, 207–218. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.2005.20.2.207
Coker, A. L., Davis, K. E., Arias, I., Desai, S., Sanderson, M., Brandt, H. M., & Smith, P. H. (2002). Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23, 260–268. doi:10.1177/0192513X12448742
Cramer, R. J., Desmarais, S. L., Johnson, K. L., Gemberling, T. M., Nobles, M. R., Holley, S. R., … Van Dorn, R. (2017). The intersection of interpersonal and self-directed violence among general adult, college student and sexually diverse samples. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 63, 73–85. doi:10.1177/0020764016683728
Douglas, E. M., & Straus, M. A. (2006). Assault and injury of dating partners by university students in 19 countries and its relation to corporal punishment experienced as a child. European Journal of Criminology, 3, 293–318. doi:10.1177/1477370806065584
Elbogen, E. B., & Johnson, S. C. (2009). The intricate link between violence and mental disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 152–161. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.537
Esplugues-Marmolejo, J. S., Iborra-Esteve, I., García-Sánchez, Y., & Martínez, P. (2010). III Informe Internacional: Violencia contra la mujer en las relaciones de pareja - Estadísticas y Legislación. Retrieved from http://www.luisvivesces.org/upload/88/18/informe.pdf
Forke, C., & Myers, R. (2008). Relationship violence among female and male college undergraduate students. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 162, 634-641. doi:10.1001/archpedi.162.7.634
Gover, A., Kaukinen, C., & Fox, K. (2008). The relationship between violence in the family of origin and dating violence among college students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23, 1667-1693. doi:10.1177/0886260508314330
Gratz, K. L., Paulson, A., Jakupcak, M., & Tull, M. T. (2009). Exploring the relationship between childhood maltreatment and intimate partner abuse: Gender differences in the mediating role of emotion dysregulation. Violence and Victims, 24, 68–82. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.24.1.68
Islam, J., Rahman, M., Broidy, L., Haque, S. E., Saw, Y. M., Duc, N. H.,…Mostofa, M. G. (2017). Assessing the link between witnessing inter-parental violence and the perpetration of intimate partner violence in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health, 17, 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4067-4
Kelley, E. L., Edwards, K. M., Dardis, C. M., & Gidycz, C. A. (2015). Motives for physical dating violence among college students: A gendered analysis. Psychology of Violence, 5, 56–65. doi:10.1037/a0036171
Kimber, M., Adham, S., Gill, S., McTavish, J., & MacGillan, H. L. (2018). The association between child exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) and perpetration of IPV in adulthood–A systematic review. Child Abuse & Neglect, 76, 273–286. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.11.007
Lehrer, J. A., Lehrer, E. L., & Zhao, Z. (2009). Physical and psychological dating violence in young men and women in Chile: Results from a 2005 survey of university students. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 16, 205–214. doi:10.1080/17457300903307003
López, A., & Arreola, A. (2014). Domestic violence cases in Los Angeles on the rise. Retrieved January 1, 2015, from http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Los-Angeles-City-Officials-Reach-Out-to-Victims-of-Domestic-Violence-275788751.html
McTavish, J. R., MacGregor, J. C. D., Wathen, C. N., & MacMillan, H. L. (2016). Children’s exposure to intimate partner violence: An overview. International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England), 28, 504-518. doi:10.1080/09540261.2016.1205001
Milletich, R., Kelley, M., Doane, A., & Pearson, M. (2010). Exposure to interparental violence and childhood physical and emotional abuse as related to physical aggression in undergraduate dating relationships. Journal of Family Violence, 25, 627–637. doi:10.1007/s10896-010-9319-3
Muñoz-Rivas, M. J., Graña, J. L., O’Leary, D. K., & González, P. (2007). Physical and psychological aggression in dating relationships in Spanish university students. Psicothema, 19, 102–107. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295990
Murshid, N. S., & Murshid, N. (2018). Intergenerational transmission of marital violence: Results from a nationally representative sample of men. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33, 1–17. doi:10.1177/0886260515604413
Oficina de la Procuradora de la Mujer [Women's Advocate Office]. (2016). Estadísticas sobre Violencia Doméstica en Puerto Rico 1990-2016 [Statistics on domestic violence in Puerto Rico 1990-2016]. Retrieved from: http://pazparalamujer.org/index.php/recursos/estadisticas/39-estadisticas-sobre-violencia-domestica-en-puerto-rico-1990-2016/file
Palmetto, N., Davidson, L. L., Breitbart, V., & Rickert, V. I. (2013). Predictors of physical intimate partner violence in the lives of young women: Victimization, perpetration, and bidirectional violence. Violence and Victims, 28, 103–121. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.28.1.103
Rivera-Rivera, L., Allen, B., Rodríguez-Ortega, G., Chávez-Ayala, R., & Lazcano-Ponce, E. (2006). Violencia durante el noviazgo, depresión y conductas de riesgo en estudiantes femeninas (12-24 años) [Supplemental Material]. Salud Pública de México, 48, S288–S296. Retrieved from http://scielo.unam.mx/pdf/spm/v48s2/31385.pdf
Saunders, D. (2002). Are physical assaults by wives and girlfriends a major social problem? A review of the literature. Violence Against Women, 8, 1424–1448. doi:10.1177/107780102237964
Shorey, R. C., Cornelius, T. L., & Bell, K. M. (2008). A critical review of theoretical frameworks for dating violence: Comparing the dating and marital fields. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13, 185–194. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2008.03.003
Smith, P. H., White, J. W., & Holland, L. J. (2003). A longitudinal perspective on dating violence among adolescent and college-age women. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 1104–1109. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.93.7.1104
Smith, S. G., Fowler, K. A., & Niolon, P. H. (2014). Intimate partner homicide and corollary victims in 16 states: National violent death reporting system, 2003-2009. American Journal
of Public Health, 104, 461–466. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301582
Stith, S. M., Rosen, K. H., Middleton, K. A., Busch, A. L., Lundeberg, K., & Carlton, R. P. (2000). The intergenerational transmission of spouse abuse: A meta-analysis. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(3), 640–654. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00640.x
Straight, E. S., Harper, F. W., & Arias, I. (2003). The impact of partner psychological abuse on health behaviors and health status in college women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 1035–1054. doi: 10.1177/0886260503254512
Straus, M. (2004). Cross-cultural reliability and validity of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales: A study of university student dating couples in 17 nations. Cross-Cultural Research, 38, 407-432. doi: 10.1177/1069397104269543
Straus, M. A. (2008). Dominance and symmetry in partner violence by male and female university students in 32 nations. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 252–275. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.10.004
Thompson, R. S., Bonomi, A. E., Anderson, M., Reid, R. J., Dimer, J. A., Carrell, D., & Rivara, F. P. (2006). Intimate partner violence: Prevalence, types, and chronicity in adult women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30, 447–457. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2006.01.016
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, C. B. (2014). Child Maltreatment 2013. Retrieved from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/cm2013.pdf
U. S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2016). Crime in the United States, 2015. Expanded homicide data, Table 10, Murder circumstances by relationship. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reports, Washington, DC. Retrieved from: https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/crime-in-the-u.s.-2015/tables/expanded_homicide_data_table_10_murder_circumstances_by_relationship_2015.xls
Vázquez, F., Torres, A., Otero, P., Blanco, V., & López, M. (2010). Prevalence and risk factors of violence against women among Spanish female university students. Psicothema, 22, 196–201. Retrieved from http://www.psicothema.com/pdf/3715.pdf
Villafañe-Santiago, Á. A., Jiménez-Chafey, M. I., De-Jesús-Carrasquillo, D., & Vázquez, R. A. (2012). Construcción y validación del Cuestionario de Experiencias de Violencia en las Relaciones de Pareja y Familia en Estudiantes Universitarios. Universitas Psychologica, 11(1), 207–215. Retrieved from http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=64723234017
Widom, C. S. (2017). Long-term impact of childhood abuse and neglect on crime and violence. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 24, 186–202. doi: 10.1111/cpsp.12194
American Civil Liberties Union. (2012). Failure to police crimes of domestic violence and sexual assault. Retrieved from https://www.aclu.org/human-rights/failure-police-crimes-domestic-violence-and-sexual-assault-puerto-rico
Black, M. C. (2011). Intimate partner violence and adverse health consequences. Implications for clinicians. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 5, 428–439. doi: 10.1177/1559827611410265
Boira, S., Chilet-Rosell, E., Jaramillo-Quiroz, S., & Reinoso, J. (2017). Sexism, distorted thoughts and violence in couple relationships in Ecuadorian universities with students related to welfare and health. Universitas Psychologica, 16(4), 1–12. doi:11144/Javeriana.upsy16-4.spdv
Breiding, M. J., Chen, J., & Black, M. C. (2014). Intimate partner violence in the United States — 2010. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/cdc_nisvs_ipv_report_2013_v17_single_a.pdf
Bucheli, M., & Rossi, M. (2017). Attitudes towards partner violence and gender roles in Uruguayan women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32, 1–13. doi:10.1177/0886260515602897
Cale, J., Tzoumakis, S., Leclerc, B., & Breckenridge, J. (2017). Patterns of Intimate Partner Violence victimization among Australia and New Zealand female university students: An initial examination of child maltreatment and self-reported depressive symptoms across profiles. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 50, 582–601. doi:10.1177/0004865816666615
Cercone, J. J., Beach, S. R., & Arias, I. (2005). Gender symmetry in dating intimate partner violence: Does similar behavior imply similar constructs? Violence and Victims, 20, 207–218. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.2005.20.2.207
Coker, A. L., Davis, K. E., Arias, I., Desai, S., Sanderson, M., Brandt, H. M., & Smith, P. H. (2002). Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23, 260–268. doi:10.1177/0192513X12448742
Cramer, R. J., Desmarais, S. L., Johnson, K. L., Gemberling, T. M., Nobles, M. R., Holley, S. R., … Van Dorn, R. (2017). The intersection of interpersonal and self-directed violence among general adult, college student and sexually diverse samples. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 63, 73–85. doi:10.1177/0020764016683728
Douglas, E. M., & Straus, M. A. (2006). Assault and injury of dating partners by university students in 19 countries and its relation to corporal punishment experienced as a child. European Journal of Criminology, 3, 293–318. doi:10.1177/1477370806065584
Elbogen, E. B., & Johnson, S. C. (2009). The intricate link between violence and mental disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 152–161. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.537
Esplugues-Marmolejo, J. S., Iborra-Esteve, I., García-Sánchez, Y., & Martínez, P. (2010). III Informe Internacional: Violencia contra la mujer en las relaciones de pareja - Estadísticas y Legislación. Retrieved from http://www.luisvivesces.org/upload/88/18/informe.pdf
Forke, C., & Myers, R. (2008). Relationship violence among female and male college undergraduate students. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 162, 634-641. doi:10.1001/archpedi.162.7.634
Gover, A., Kaukinen, C., & Fox, K. (2008). The relationship between violence in the family of origin and dating violence among college students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23, 1667-1693. doi:10.1177/0886260508314330
Gratz, K. L., Paulson, A., Jakupcak, M., & Tull, M. T. (2009). Exploring the relationship between childhood maltreatment and intimate partner abuse: Gender differences in the mediating role of emotion dysregulation. Violence and Victims, 24, 68–82. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.24.1.68
Islam, J., Rahman, M., Broidy, L., Haque, S. E., Saw, Y. M., Duc, N. H.,…Mostofa, M. G. (2017). Assessing the link between witnessing inter-parental violence and the perpetration of intimate partner violence in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health, 17, 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4067-4
Kelley, E. L., Edwards, K. M., Dardis, C. M., & Gidycz, C. A. (2015). Motives for physical dating violence among college students: A gendered analysis. Psychology of Violence, 5, 56–65. doi:10.1037/a0036171
Kimber, M., Adham, S., Gill, S., McTavish, J., & MacGillan, H. L. (2018). The association between child exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) and perpetration of IPV in adulthood–A systematic review. Child Abuse & Neglect, 76, 273–286. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.11.007
Lehrer, J. A., Lehrer, E. L., & Zhao, Z. (2009). Physical and psychological dating violence in young men and women in Chile: Results from a 2005 survey of university students. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 16, 205–214. doi:10.1080/17457300903307003
López, A., & Arreola, A. (2014). Domestic violence cases in Los Angeles on the rise. Retrieved January 1, 2015, from http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Los-Angeles-City-Officials-Reach-Out-to-Victims-of-Domestic-Violence-275788751.html
McTavish, J. R., MacGregor, J. C. D., Wathen, C. N., & MacMillan, H. L. (2016). Children’s exposure to intimate partner violence: An overview. International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England), 28, 504-518. doi:10.1080/09540261.2016.1205001
Milletich, R., Kelley, M., Doane, A., & Pearson, M. (2010). Exposure to interparental violence and childhood physical and emotional abuse as related to physical aggression in undergraduate dating relationships. Journal of Family Violence, 25, 627–637. doi:10.1007/s10896-010-9319-3
Muñoz-Rivas, M. J., Graña, J. L., O’Leary, D. K., & González, P. (2007). Physical and psychological aggression in dating relationships in Spanish university students. Psicothema, 19, 102–107. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295990
Murshid, N. S., & Murshid, N. (2018). Intergenerational transmission of marital violence: Results from a nationally representative sample of men. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33, 1–17. doi:10.1177/0886260515604413
Oficina de la Procuradora de la Mujer [Women's Advocate Office]. (2016). Estadísticas sobre Violencia Doméstica en Puerto Rico 1990-2016 [Statistics on domestic violence in Puerto Rico 1990-2016]. Retrieved from: http://pazparalamujer.org/index.php/recursos/estadisticas/39-estadisticas-sobre-violencia-domestica-en-puerto-rico-1990-2016/file
Palmetto, N., Davidson, L. L., Breitbart, V., & Rickert, V. I. (2013). Predictors of physical intimate partner violence in the lives of young women: Victimization, perpetration, and bidirectional violence. Violence and Victims, 28, 103–121. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.28.1.103
Rivera-Rivera, L., Allen, B., Rodríguez-Ortega, G., Chávez-Ayala, R., & Lazcano-Ponce, E. (2006). Violencia durante el noviazgo, depresión y conductas de riesgo en estudiantes femeninas (12-24 años) [Supplemental Material]. Salud Pública de México, 48, S288–S296. Retrieved from http://scielo.unam.mx/pdf/spm/v48s2/31385.pdf
Saunders, D. (2002). Are physical assaults by wives and girlfriends a major social problem? A review of the literature. Violence Against Women, 8, 1424–1448. doi:10.1177/107780102237964
Shorey, R. C., Cornelius, T. L., & Bell, K. M. (2008). A critical review of theoretical frameworks for dating violence: Comparing the dating and marital fields. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13, 185–194. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2008.03.003
Smith, P. H., White, J. W., & Holland, L. J. (2003). A longitudinal perspective on dating violence among adolescent and college-age women. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 1104–1109. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.93.7.1104
Smith, S. G., Fowler, K. A., & Niolon, P. H. (2014). Intimate partner homicide and corollary victims in 16 states: National violent death reporting system, 2003-2009. American Journal
of Public Health, 104, 461–466. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301582
Stith, S. M., Rosen, K. H., Middleton, K. A., Busch, A. L., Lundeberg, K., & Carlton, R. P. (2000). The intergenerational transmission of spouse abuse: A meta-analysis. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(3), 640–654. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00640.x
Straight, E. S., Harper, F. W., & Arias, I. (2003). The impact of partner psychological abuse on health behaviors and health status in college women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 1035–1054. doi: 10.1177/0886260503254512
Straus, M. (2004). Cross-cultural reliability and validity of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales: A study of university student dating couples in 17 nations. Cross-Cultural Research, 38, 407-432. doi: 10.1177/1069397104269543
Straus, M. A. (2008). Dominance and symmetry in partner violence by male and female university students in 32 nations. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 252–275. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.10.004
Thompson, R. S., Bonomi, A. E., Anderson, M., Reid, R. J., Dimer, J. A., Carrell, D., & Rivara, F. P. (2006). Intimate partner violence: Prevalence, types, and chronicity in adult women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30, 447–457. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2006.01.016
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, C. B. (2014). Child Maltreatment 2013. Retrieved from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/cm2013.pdf
U. S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2016). Crime in the United States, 2015. Expanded homicide data, Table 10, Murder circumstances by relationship. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reports, Washington, DC. Retrieved from: https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/crime-in-the-u.s.-2015/tables/expanded_homicide_data_table_10_murder_circumstances_by_relationship_2015.xls
Vázquez, F., Torres, A., Otero, P., Blanco, V., & López, M. (2010). Prevalence and risk factors of violence against women among Spanish female university students. Psicothema, 22, 196–201. Retrieved from http://www.psicothema.com/pdf/3715.pdf
Villafañe-Santiago, Á. A., Jiménez-Chafey, M. I., De-Jesús-Carrasquillo, D., & Vázquez, R. A. (2012). Construcción y validación del Cuestionario de Experiencias de Violencia en las Relaciones de Pareja y Familia en Estudiantes Universitarios. Universitas Psychologica, 11(1), 207–215. Retrieved from http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=64723234017
Widom, C. S. (2017). Long-term impact of childhood abuse and neglect on crime and violence. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 24, 186–202. doi: 10.1111/cpsp.12194
Cómo citar
Family and intimate partner violence among Puerto Rican university students. (2019). Revista Puertorriqueña De Psicologia, 30(1), 70-81. https://www.repsasppr.net/index.php/reps/article/view/449
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Cómo citar
Family and intimate partner violence among Puerto Rican university students. (2019). Revista Puertorriqueña De Psicologia, 30(1), 70-81. https://www.repsasppr.net/index.php/reps/article/view/449