Explorando nuevos horizontes: Impacto y viabilidad de una intervención basada en gratitud en personas adultas puertorriqueñas
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Publicado
2024-12-31
Jonathan Mateo-Santiago
Adam Rosario-Rodríguez
Orlando Pagán-Torres
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1065-9536
Resumen
Durante las últimas décadas se ha identificado una relación entre gratitud y salud mental. La gratitud se define como la tendencia a reconocer y responder con emoción agradecida a los roles de bondad de otras personas. En Puerto Rico la literatura psicológica sobre la práctica de la gratitud no ha recibido atención. Por consiguiente, el objetivo de la presente investigación consistió en explorar el impacto y viabilidad de una intervención basada en gratitud en el bienestar psicológico, satisfacción con la vida y síntomas de ansiedad y depresión en una muestra de personas adultas puertorriqueñas. Para cumplir este objetivo, llevamos a cabo un estudio piloto con 26 participantes basado en un diseño pre-experimental con preprueba y posprueba. Observamos en los resultados una reducción estadísticamente significativa en los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión, así como un incremento en la satisfacción con la vida en la muestra luego de recibir la intervención. Sin embargo, no encontramos diferencias en las puntuaciones promedio del bienestar psicológico. A partir de estos hallazgos, es pertinente realizar futuras investigaciones dirigidas a examinar la eficacia y efectividad, así como la implementación de intervenciones enfocadas en la gratitud para el manejo adaptativo de síntomas afectivos y el bienestar.
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Keywords
gratitud, intervención, psicología positiva
References
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Ato-García, M., & Vallejo-Seco, G. (2007). Diseños experimentales en psicología. Ediciones Pirámide.
Bohlmeijer, E. T., Kraiss, J. T., Watkins, P., & Schotanus-Dijkstra, M. (2020). Promoting gratitude as a resource for sustainable mental health: Results of a 3-armed randomized controlled trial up to 6 months follow-up. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 22(3), 1011–1032. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00261-5
Caputo, A. (2017). Social desirability bias in self-reported well-being measures: Evidence from an online survey. Universitas Psychologica, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-2.sdsw
Day, G., Robert, G., & Rafferty, A. M. (2020). Gratitude in health care: A meta-narrative review. Qualitative Health Research, 30(14), 2303–2315.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732320951145
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Diniz, G., Korkes, L., Tristão, L. S., Pelegrini, R., Bellodi, P. L., & Bernardo, W. M. (2023). The effects of gratitude interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Einstein (Sao Paulo), 21, eRW0371. https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2023RW0371
Emmons, R. A., & Crumpler, C. A. (2000). Gratitude as a human strength: Appraising the evidence. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 56-69. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.56
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377–389.
https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.84.2.377
Emmons, R. A., & Shelton, C. M. (2002). Gratitude and the science of positive psychology. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 459–471). Oxford University Press.
García-Méndez, A., Serra Desfilis, E., Márquez Barradas, M. L., & Bernabé Valero, M. G. (2014). Gratitud existencial y bienestar psicológico en personas mayores. Psicología y Salud, 24(2), 279-286.
García-Robles, R.F., & Pagán-Torres, O.M. (2023). Hacia una psicología del florecimiento: Futuro de la psicología positiva en Puerto Rico. En O. M. Pagán-Torres y R. F. García-Robles (Eds.), Psicología positiva en Puerto Rico: Acercamiento a las fortalezas y virtudes humanas (pp. 437-451). Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing.
Ghalesefidi, M. J., Maghsoudi, J., & Pouragha, B. (2019). Effectiveness of gratitude on psychological well-being and quality of life among hospitalized substance abuse patients. Electronic Journal of General Medicine, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.29333/ejgm/94091
González-Rivera, J. A. (2019). Manual breve de metodología de la investigación cuantitativa en psicología: Una guía para estudiantes y principiantes. Innova Psychological Group.
González-Rivera, J. A., & Álvarez-Alatorre, Y. (2023). Bienestar psicológico: Un acercamiento a su estudio en Puerto Rico. En O. M. Pagán-Torres y R. F. García-Robles (Eds.), Psicología positiva en Puerto Rico: Acercamiento a las fortalezas y virtudes humanas (pp. 94-111). Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing.
González-Rivera, J. A., Quintero-Jiménez, N., Veray-Alicea, J., & Rosario-Rodríguez, A. (2016). Adaptación y validación de la escala de bienestar psicológico de Ryff en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños. Salud y Conducta Humana, 3(1), 1-14.
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/50c39c53e4b097533b3492dd/t/586564085016e177a399c624/1483039759144/Gonz%C3%A1lez-Rivera%2C+et+al.%2C+2016.pdf
González-Rivera, J. A., & Rosario-Rodríguez, A. (2020). Características psicométricas de la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños. Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 31(1), 128–139.
https://repsasppr.net/index.php/reps/article/view/407
Heckendorf, H., Lehr, D., Ebert, D. D., & Freund, H. (2019). Efficacy of an internet and app-based gratitude intervention in reducing repetitive negative thinking and mechanisms of change in the intervention's effect on anxiety and depression: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 119, 103415.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2019.103415
Hernández-Sampieri, R., & Mendoza Torres, C. P. (2018). Metodología de la investi-gación: Las rutas cuantitativa, cualitativa y mixta. McGraw-Hill Education.
In, J. (2017). Introduction of a pilot study. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 70(6), 601–605. https://doi.org/10.4097/kjae.2017.70.6.601
Iodice, J. A., Malouff, J. M., & Schutte, N. S. (2021). The association between gratitude and depression: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Depression and Anxiety, 4(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.23937/2643-4059/1710024
Jans-Beken, L., Jacobs, N., Janssens, M., Peeters, S., Reijnders, J., Lechner, L., & Lataster, J. (2020). Gratitude and health: An updated review. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 15(6), 743-782. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1651888
Kerr, S. L., O'Donovan, A., & Pepping, C. A. (2015). Can gratitude and kindness interventions enhance well-being in a clinical sample? Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 16(1), 17–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9492-1
Kerry, N., Chhabra, R., & Clifton, J. D. W. (2023). Being thankful for what you have: A systematic review of evidence for the effect of gratitude on life satisfaction. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16(1), 4799-4816.
https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S372432
Kirca, A., M., Malouff, J. M., & Meynadier, J. (2023). The effect of expressed gratitude interventions on psychological wellbeing: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology, 8(1), 63-86.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41042-023-00086-6
Kroenke, K., Strine, T. W., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Berry, J. T., & Mokdad, A. H. (2009). The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 114(1-3), 163–173.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.026
Lambert-D'raven, L. T., Moliver, N., & Thompson, D. (2015). Happiness intervention decreases pain and depression, boosts happiness among primary care patients. Primary Health Care Research & Development, 16(2), 114–126. https://doi.org/10.1017/s146342361300056x
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002a). Gratitude Questionnaire-6 [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t01837-000
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002b). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 112–127.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.112
McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 249–266.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.249
Miller, K. D. (2019). 14 benefits of practicing gratitude (Incl. Journaling).
https://positivepsychology.com/benefits-of-gratitude/
Pagán-Torres, O. M., & García-López, R., F. (Eds.). (2023). Psicología positiva en Puerto Rico: Acercamiento a las fortalezas y virtudes humanas. Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing.
Pagán-Torres, O. M., González-Rivera, J. A., & Rosario-Hernández, E. (2020a). Psychometric analysis and factor structure of the Spanish Version of the Eight-Item Patient Health Questionnaire in a general sample of Puerto Rican adults. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 42(3), 401-415.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986320926524
Pagán-Torres, O. M., González-Rivera, J. A., & Rosario-Hernández, E. (2020b). Reviewing the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) in a sample of Puerto Rican adults. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 1(1), 36885-36888.
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxford University Press; American Psychological Association.
Petrocchi, N., & Couyoumdjian, A. (2016). The impact of gratitude on depression and anxiety: The mediating role of criticizing, attacking, and reassuring the self. Self and Identity, 15(2), 191–205.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2015.1095794
Ramírez, E., Ortega, A. R., Chamorro, A., & Colmenero, J. M. (2014). A program of positive intervention in the elderly: Memories, gratitude and forgiveness. Aging & Mental Health, 18(4), 463–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.856858
Ratchford, J. L., Ming, M. S., & Schnitker, S. A. (2023). Virtues in positive psychology and the psychology of religion and spirituality. In E. B. Davis, E. L. Worthington, Jr. & S. A. Schnitker (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology, religion, and spirituality (pp. 53–67). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10274-5_4
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
Sauber-Millacci, T. (2017). What is gratitude and why is it so important? https://positivepsychology.com/gratitude-appreciation/#what-is-the-gratitude
Shapiro, S. S., & Wilk, M. B. (1965). An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika, 52(3-4), 591-611. https://doi.org/10.2307/2333709
Southwell, S., & Gould, E. (2017). A randomised wait list-controlled pre–post–follow-up trial of a gratitude diary with a distressed sample. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(6), 579–593. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1221127
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t02591-000
Sun, P., Sun, Y., Jiang, H., Jia, R., & Li, Z. (2020). Gratitude as a protective factor against anxiety and depression among Chinese adolescents: The mediating role of coping flexibility. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 23(4), 447-456. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12419
Tan, T. T., Tan, M. P., Lam, C. L., Loh, E. C., Capelle, D. P., Zainuddin, S. I., Ang, B. T., Lim, M. A., Lai, N. Z., Tung, Y. Z., Yee, H. A., Ng, C. G., Ho, G. F., See, M. H., Teh, M. S., Lai, L. L., Pritam Singh, R. K., Chai, C. S., Ng, D. L. C., & Tan, S. B. (2023). Mindful gratitude journaling: Psychological distress, quality of life and suffering in advanced cancer: a randomized controlled trial. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, 13(e2), e389–e396. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003068
Taylor, C. T., Lyubomirsky, S., & Stein, M. B. (2017). Upregulating the positive affect system in anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a positive activity intervention. Depression and Anxiety, 34(3), 267–280.
https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22593
Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Gillett, R., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008). The role of gratitude in the development of social support, stress, and depression: Two longitudinal studies. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(4), 854–871.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.11.00
Ato-García, M., & Vallejo-Seco, G. (2007). Diseños experimentales en psicología. Ediciones Pirámide.
Bohlmeijer, E. T., Kraiss, J. T., Watkins, P., & Schotanus-Dijkstra, M. (2020). Promoting gratitude as a resource for sustainable mental health: Results of a 3-armed randomized controlled trial up to 6 months follow-up. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 22(3), 1011–1032. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00261-5
Caputo, A. (2017). Social desirability bias in self-reported well-being measures: Evidence from an online survey. Universitas Psychologica, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-2.sdsw
Day, G., Robert, G., & Rafferty, A. M. (2020). Gratitude in health care: A meta-narrative review. Qualitative Health Research, 30(14), 2303–2315.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732320951145
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Diniz, G., Korkes, L., Tristão, L. S., Pelegrini, R., Bellodi, P. L., & Bernardo, W. M. (2023). The effects of gratitude interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Einstein (Sao Paulo), 21, eRW0371. https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2023RW0371
Emmons, R. A., & Crumpler, C. A. (2000). Gratitude as a human strength: Appraising the evidence. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 56-69. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.56
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377–389.
https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.84.2.377
Emmons, R. A., & Shelton, C. M. (2002). Gratitude and the science of positive psychology. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 459–471). Oxford University Press.
García-Méndez, A., Serra Desfilis, E., Márquez Barradas, M. L., & Bernabé Valero, M. G. (2014). Gratitud existencial y bienestar psicológico en personas mayores. Psicología y Salud, 24(2), 279-286.
García-Robles, R.F., & Pagán-Torres, O.M. (2023). Hacia una psicología del florecimiento: Futuro de la psicología positiva en Puerto Rico. En O. M. Pagán-Torres y R. F. García-Robles (Eds.), Psicología positiva en Puerto Rico: Acercamiento a las fortalezas y virtudes humanas (pp. 437-451). Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing.
Ghalesefidi, M. J., Maghsoudi, J., & Pouragha, B. (2019). Effectiveness of gratitude on psychological well-being and quality of life among hospitalized substance abuse patients. Electronic Journal of General Medicine, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.29333/ejgm/94091
González-Rivera, J. A. (2019). Manual breve de metodología de la investigación cuantitativa en psicología: Una guía para estudiantes y principiantes. Innova Psychological Group.
González-Rivera, J. A., & Álvarez-Alatorre, Y. (2023). Bienestar psicológico: Un acercamiento a su estudio en Puerto Rico. En O. M. Pagán-Torres y R. F. García-Robles (Eds.), Psicología positiva en Puerto Rico: Acercamiento a las fortalezas y virtudes humanas (pp. 94-111). Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing.
González-Rivera, J. A., Quintero-Jiménez, N., Veray-Alicea, J., & Rosario-Rodríguez, A. (2016). Adaptación y validación de la escala de bienestar psicológico de Ryff en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños. Salud y Conducta Humana, 3(1), 1-14.
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/50c39c53e4b097533b3492dd/t/586564085016e177a399c624/1483039759144/Gonz%C3%A1lez-Rivera%2C+et+al.%2C+2016.pdf
González-Rivera, J. A., & Rosario-Rodríguez, A. (2020). Características psicométricas de la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) en una muestra de adultos puertorriqueños. Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 31(1), 128–139.
https://repsasppr.net/index.php/reps/article/view/407
Heckendorf, H., Lehr, D., Ebert, D. D., & Freund, H. (2019). Efficacy of an internet and app-based gratitude intervention in reducing repetitive negative thinking and mechanisms of change in the intervention's effect on anxiety and depression: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 119, 103415.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2019.103415
Hernández-Sampieri, R., & Mendoza Torres, C. P. (2018). Metodología de la investi-gación: Las rutas cuantitativa, cualitativa y mixta. McGraw-Hill Education.
In, J. (2017). Introduction of a pilot study. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 70(6), 601–605. https://doi.org/10.4097/kjae.2017.70.6.601
Iodice, J. A., Malouff, J. M., & Schutte, N. S. (2021). The association between gratitude and depression: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Depression and Anxiety, 4(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.23937/2643-4059/1710024
Jans-Beken, L., Jacobs, N., Janssens, M., Peeters, S., Reijnders, J., Lechner, L., & Lataster, J. (2020). Gratitude and health: An updated review. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 15(6), 743-782. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1651888
Kerr, S. L., O'Donovan, A., & Pepping, C. A. (2015). Can gratitude and kindness interventions enhance well-being in a clinical sample? Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 16(1), 17–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9492-1
Kerry, N., Chhabra, R., & Clifton, J. D. W. (2023). Being thankful for what you have: A systematic review of evidence for the effect of gratitude on life satisfaction. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16(1), 4799-4816.
https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S372432
Kirca, A., M., Malouff, J. M., & Meynadier, J. (2023). The effect of expressed gratitude interventions on psychological wellbeing: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology, 8(1), 63-86.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41042-023-00086-6
Kroenke, K., Strine, T. W., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Berry, J. T., & Mokdad, A. H. (2009). The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 114(1-3), 163–173.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.026
Lambert-D'raven, L. T., Moliver, N., & Thompson, D. (2015). Happiness intervention decreases pain and depression, boosts happiness among primary care patients. Primary Health Care Research & Development, 16(2), 114–126. https://doi.org/10.1017/s146342361300056x
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002a). Gratitude Questionnaire-6 [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t01837-000
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002b). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 112–127.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.112
McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 249–266.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.249
Miller, K. D. (2019). 14 benefits of practicing gratitude (Incl. Journaling).
https://positivepsychology.com/benefits-of-gratitude/
Pagán-Torres, O. M., & García-López, R., F. (Eds.). (2023). Psicología positiva en Puerto Rico: Acercamiento a las fortalezas y virtudes humanas. Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing.
Pagán-Torres, O. M., González-Rivera, J. A., & Rosario-Hernández, E. (2020a). Psychometric analysis and factor structure of the Spanish Version of the Eight-Item Patient Health Questionnaire in a general sample of Puerto Rican adults. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 42(3), 401-415.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986320926524
Pagán-Torres, O. M., González-Rivera, J. A., & Rosario-Hernández, E. (2020b). Reviewing the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) in a sample of Puerto Rican adults. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 1(1), 36885-36888.
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxford University Press; American Psychological Association.
Petrocchi, N., & Couyoumdjian, A. (2016). The impact of gratitude on depression and anxiety: The mediating role of criticizing, attacking, and reassuring the self. Self and Identity, 15(2), 191–205.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2015.1095794
Ramírez, E., Ortega, A. R., Chamorro, A., & Colmenero, J. M. (2014). A program of positive intervention in the elderly: Memories, gratitude and forgiveness. Aging & Mental Health, 18(4), 463–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.856858
Ratchford, J. L., Ming, M. S., & Schnitker, S. A. (2023). Virtues in positive psychology and the psychology of religion and spirituality. In E. B. Davis, E. L. Worthington, Jr. & S. A. Schnitker (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology, religion, and spirituality (pp. 53–67). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10274-5_4
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
Sauber-Millacci, T. (2017). What is gratitude and why is it so important? https://positivepsychology.com/gratitude-appreciation/#what-is-the-gratitude
Shapiro, S. S., & Wilk, M. B. (1965). An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika, 52(3-4), 591-611. https://doi.org/10.2307/2333709
Southwell, S., & Gould, E. (2017). A randomised wait list-controlled pre–post–follow-up trial of a gratitude diary with a distressed sample. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(6), 579–593. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1221127
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t02591-000
Sun, P., Sun, Y., Jiang, H., Jia, R., & Li, Z. (2020). Gratitude as a protective factor against anxiety and depression among Chinese adolescents: The mediating role of coping flexibility. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 23(4), 447-456. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12419
Tan, T. T., Tan, M. P., Lam, C. L., Loh, E. C., Capelle, D. P., Zainuddin, S. I., Ang, B. T., Lim, M. A., Lai, N. Z., Tung, Y. Z., Yee, H. A., Ng, C. G., Ho, G. F., See, M. H., Teh, M. S., Lai, L. L., Pritam Singh, R. K., Chai, C. S., Ng, D. L. C., & Tan, S. B. (2023). Mindful gratitude journaling: Psychological distress, quality of life and suffering in advanced cancer: a randomized controlled trial. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, 13(e2), e389–e396. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003068
Taylor, C. T., Lyubomirsky, S., & Stein, M. B. (2017). Upregulating the positive affect system in anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a positive activity intervention. Depression and Anxiety, 34(3), 267–280.
https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22593
Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Gillett, R., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008). The role of gratitude in the development of social support, stress, and depression: Two longitudinal studies. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(4), 854–871.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.11.00
Cómo citar
Explorando nuevos horizontes: Impacto y viabilidad de una intervención basada en gratitud en personas adultas puertorriqueñas. (2024). Revista Puertorriqueña De Psicologia, 35(3), 326-339. https://doi.org/10.55611/reps.3503.04
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Cómo citar
Explorando nuevos horizontes: Impacto y viabilidad de una intervención basada en gratitud en personas adultas puertorriqueñas. (2024). Revista Puertorriqueña De Psicologia, 35(3), 326-339. https://doi.org/10.55611/reps.3503.04