Fortalezas del Carácter en Personas Mayores: un Estudio Transcultural
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Publicado
2024-12-31
Eduarda Rezende Freitas
Altemir José Gonçalves Barbosa
Margarida Pedroso de Lima
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0315-9549
Resumen
Para analizar las diferencias transculturales en las fortalezas del carácter (FC) de los ancianos, se aplicó lo Values in Action 120 Survey en muestras brasileñas (n=74; M=71.66; SD=7.34) y portuguesas (n=74; M=72.01; SD=7.55). También se realizaron asociaciones de FC con género, edad, años de escolaridad y bienestar psicológico. El perfil de FC tuvo una consistencia considerable entre las dos muestras, siendo notable que, en ambas muestras, la Autenticidad fue una FC característica y la Curiosidad se correlacionó positivamente con el bienestar psicológico. Aunque hubo más similitudes entre géneros, fue posible identificar algunas diferencias de género en la FC de la muestra portuguesa. Además, muy pocas FC se correlacionaron con la edad o los años de escolaridad. Debido a las limitaciones de esta y otras investigaciones, se sugiere intensificar y profundizar investigación transcultural sobre FC en adultos mayores, principalmente a través de estudios longitudinales con muestras más representativas. Realizar investigaciones con este diseño es fundamental para el desarrollo de la ciencia del envejecimiento positivo.
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Keywords
psicología positiva, fortalezas del carácter, personas adultas mayores, bienestar psicológico
References
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-005-3646-8
Barbosa-Fohrmann, A. P., & Araújo, L. A. (2019). O direito à educação ao longo da vida no art. 25 do Estatuto do Idoso. Revista Estudos Institucionais, 5(1), 147-170. https://doi.org/10.21783/rei.v5i1.289
Bar-Tur, L. (2021). Fostering well-neing in the elderly: Translating theories on positive aging to practical approaches. Frontiers in Medicine, 8, 517226.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.517226
Brucki, S. M. D., Nitrini, R., Caramelli, P., Bertolucci, P. H. F., & Okamoto, I. H. (2003). Suggestions for utilization of the mini-mental state examination in Brazil. Arquivos de Neuropsiquiatria, 61(3B), 777-781.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2003000500014
Chida, Y., & Steptoe, A. (2008). Positive psychological well-being and mortality: A quantitative review of prospective observational studies. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70, 741-756.
https://doi.org/10.1097/psy.0b013e31818105ba
Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1999). The origins of sex differences in human behavior: Evolved dispositions versus social roles. American Psychologist, 54(6), 408–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.6.408
Freitas, E. R. (2019). Forças do caráter de idosos: Conhecer e intervir [Doctoral thesis, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora]. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/10102
Freitas, E. R., & Barbosa, A. J. G. (2022). Bem-estar psicológico, sintomas de depressão e forças do caráter em idosos da comunidade. Psico, 53(1), e36703-e36703. https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-8623.2022.1.36703
Freitas, E. R., Barbosa, A. J. G., & Neufeld, C. B. (2021). Educação para o caráter baseada em forças para idosos: Um estudo quase-experimental. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 37, e372120.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e372120
Freitas, E. R., Barbosa, A. J. G., Reis, G. A., & Gomes, L. B. (2016). Bem-estar psicológico na clínica com idosos: Avaliação e intervenção. In E. R. Freitas, A. J. G. Barbosa & C. B. Neufeld (Eds.), Terapias Cognitivo-Comportamentais com Idosos (pp. 119-135). Sinopsys.
Hausler, M., Strecker, C., Huber, A., Brenner, M., Höge, T., & Höfer, S. (2017). Distinguishing relational aspects of character strengths with subjective and psychological well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1-12.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01159
Heintz, S., Kramm, C., & Ruch, W. (2017). A meta-analysis of gender differences in character strengths and age, nation, and measure as moderators. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(1), 103-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1414297
Hutz, C. S., Midgett, A., Pacico, J. C., Bastianello, M. R., & Zanon, C. (2014). The relationship of hope, optimism, self-esteem, subjective well-being, and personality in Brazilians and Americans. Psychology, 5(6), 514-522.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2014.56061
Institute on Character (2014). VIA Survey Psychometric Data.
https://www.viacharacter.org
Lawton, M. P. (1975). The Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale. Journal of Gerontology, 30, 85-89.
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/30.1.85
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Linley, A. P., Maltby, J., Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., Harrington, S., Peterson, C., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. (2007). Character strengths in the United Kingdom: The VIA inventory of strengths. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(2), 341-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.12.004
Littman-Ovadia, H. (2015). Brief report: Short form of the VIA inventory of strengths-construction and initial tests of reliability and validity. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE), 2(4), 229-237.
Littman-Ovadia, H., & Lavy, S. (2012). Character strengths in Israel. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 28(1), 41-50.
https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000089
Lourenço, R. A., Veras, R. P., & Ribeiro, P. C. C. (2008). Confiabilidade teste-reteste do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental em uma população idosa assistida em uma unidade ambulatorial de saúde. Revista Brasileira de Geriatria & Gerontologia, 11(1), 7-16.
http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=403838777002
Ma, L., Green, K. E., & Cox, E. O. (2010). Stability of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale: A multidimensional item response model and rasch analysis. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 29(4), 475–493. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464809339623
Martínez-Martí, M. L., & Ruch, W. (2014). Character strengths and well-being across the life span: data from a representative sample of German-speaking adults living in Switzerland. Frontiers in psychology, 5, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01253
McDowell, I. (2006). Measuring health: A guide to rating scales and questionnaires. Oxford University Press.
McGrath, R. E. (2014). Character strengths in 75 nations: An update. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(1), 41-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.888580
McGrath, R. E., & Wallace, N. (2019). Cross-validation of the VIA inventory of strengths-revised and its short forms. Journal of personality assessment, 103(1), 120-131.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2019.1705465
Niemiec, R. M. (2017). Character strengths interventions: A field guide for practitioners. Hogrefe.
Noronha, A. P. P., & Barbosa, A. J. G. (2016). Forças e virtudes: Escala de forças de caráter. In C. S. Hutz (Eds.), Avaliação em Psicologia Positiva: Técnicas e Medidas (pp. 21-43). Hogrefre.
Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2006). Character strengths in fifty-four nations and the fifty US states. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(3), 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760600619567
Paúl, M. C. (1992). Satisfação de vida em idosos. Psychologica, 8, 61-80.
Peltokorpi, V., & Froese, F. (2014). Expatriate personality and cultural fit: The moderating role of host country context on job satisfaction. International Business Review, 23(1), 293-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2013.05.004
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. American Psychological Association. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-13277-000
Pinar, R., & Oz, H. (2011). Validity and reliability of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale among Turkish elderly people. Quality of Life Research, 20(1), 9-18.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-010-9723-4
Quinlan, D., Swain, N., & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2012). Character strengths interventions: Building on what we know for improved outcomes. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13, 1145–1163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-011-9311-5
Ramzan, M., Sattar, J., & Amjad, N. (2022). Character strengths and workplace happiness in university teachers. Competitive Social Science Research Journal, 3(1), 436-447.
https://cssrjournal.com/index.php/cssrjournal/article/view/226
Ruch, W., Proyer, R. T., & Weber, M. (2010). Humor as a character strength among the elderly: Empirical findings on age-related changes and its contribution to satisfaction with life. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie, 43(1), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-009-0090-0
Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychother Psychosom 83, 10-28.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000353263
Shimai, S., Otake, K., Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2006). Convergence of character strengths in American and Japanese young adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7(3), 311-322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-005-3647-7
Teater, B., & Chonody, J. M. (2020). How do older adults define successful aging? A scoping review. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 91(4), 599-625.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415019871207
Vinuto, J. (2014). A amostragem em bola de neve na pesquisa qualitativa: Um debate em aberto. Temáticas, 22(44), 203-220. https://doi.org/10.20396/tematicas.v22i44.10977
Wagner, L., Gander, F., Proyer, R. T., & Ruch, W. (2020). Character strengths and PERMA: Investigating the relationships of character strengths with a multidimensional framework of well-being. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 15, 307-328.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-018-9695-z
Waters, L., Algoe, S. B., Dutton, J., Emmons, R., Fredrickson, B. L., Heaphy, E., Moskowitzf, J. T., Neffg, K., Niemiech, R., Puryi, C., & Steger, M. (2022). Positive psychology in a pandemic: Buffering, bolstering, and building mental health. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 17(3), 303-323.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2021.1871945
Wippold, G. M., & Roncoroni, J. (2020). Hope and health‐related quality of life among chronically ill uninsured/underinsured adults. Journal of Community Psychology, 48(2), 576-589.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22270
Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2002). A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: Implications for the origins of sex differences. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 699-727.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.699
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-005-3646-8
Barbosa-Fohrmann, A. P., & Araújo, L. A. (2019). O direito à educação ao longo da vida no art. 25 do Estatuto do Idoso. Revista Estudos Institucionais, 5(1), 147-170. https://doi.org/10.21783/rei.v5i1.289
Bar-Tur, L. (2021). Fostering well-neing in the elderly: Translating theories on positive aging to practical approaches. Frontiers in Medicine, 8, 517226.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.517226
Brucki, S. M. D., Nitrini, R., Caramelli, P., Bertolucci, P. H. F., & Okamoto, I. H. (2003). Suggestions for utilization of the mini-mental state examination in Brazil. Arquivos de Neuropsiquiatria, 61(3B), 777-781.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2003000500014
Chida, Y., & Steptoe, A. (2008). Positive psychological well-being and mortality: A quantitative review of prospective observational studies. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70, 741-756.
https://doi.org/10.1097/psy.0b013e31818105ba
Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1999). The origins of sex differences in human behavior: Evolved dispositions versus social roles. American Psychologist, 54(6), 408–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.6.408
Freitas, E. R. (2019). Forças do caráter de idosos: Conhecer e intervir [Doctoral thesis, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora]. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/10102
Freitas, E. R., & Barbosa, A. J. G. (2022). Bem-estar psicológico, sintomas de depressão e forças do caráter em idosos da comunidade. Psico, 53(1), e36703-e36703. https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-8623.2022.1.36703
Freitas, E. R., Barbosa, A. J. G., & Neufeld, C. B. (2021). Educação para o caráter baseada em forças para idosos: Um estudo quase-experimental. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 37, e372120.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e372120
Freitas, E. R., Barbosa, A. J. G., Reis, G. A., & Gomes, L. B. (2016). Bem-estar psicológico na clínica com idosos: Avaliação e intervenção. In E. R. Freitas, A. J. G. Barbosa & C. B. Neufeld (Eds.), Terapias Cognitivo-Comportamentais com Idosos (pp. 119-135). Sinopsys.
Hausler, M., Strecker, C., Huber, A., Brenner, M., Höge, T., & Höfer, S. (2017). Distinguishing relational aspects of character strengths with subjective and psychological well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1-12.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01159
Heintz, S., Kramm, C., & Ruch, W. (2017). A meta-analysis of gender differences in character strengths and age, nation, and measure as moderators. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(1), 103-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1414297
Hutz, C. S., Midgett, A., Pacico, J. C., Bastianello, M. R., & Zanon, C. (2014). The relationship of hope, optimism, self-esteem, subjective well-being, and personality in Brazilians and Americans. Psychology, 5(6), 514-522.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2014.56061
Institute on Character (2014). VIA Survey Psychometric Data.
https://www.viacharacter.org
Lawton, M. P. (1975). The Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale. Journal of Gerontology, 30, 85-89.
https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/30.1.85
Lima, M. P. (2002). Personality and culture: The Portuguese case. In R. R. McCrae, & J. Allik (Eds.), The Five Factor Model of Personality Across Cultures, (pp. 249-260). Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2003-06478-011
Linley, A. P., Maltby, J., Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., Harrington, S., Peterson, C., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. (2007). Character strengths in the United Kingdom: The VIA inventory of strengths. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(2), 341-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.12.004
Littman-Ovadia, H. (2015). Brief report: Short form of the VIA inventory of strengths-construction and initial tests of reliability and validity. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE), 2(4), 229-237.
Littman-Ovadia, H., & Lavy, S. (2012). Character strengths in Israel. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 28(1), 41-50.
https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000089
Lourenço, R. A., Veras, R. P., & Ribeiro, P. C. C. (2008). Confiabilidade teste-reteste do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental em uma população idosa assistida em uma unidade ambulatorial de saúde. Revista Brasileira de Geriatria & Gerontologia, 11(1), 7-16.
http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=403838777002
Ma, L., Green, K. E., & Cox, E. O. (2010). Stability of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale: A multidimensional item response model and rasch analysis. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 29(4), 475–493. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464809339623
Martínez-Martí, M. L., & Ruch, W. (2014). Character strengths and well-being across the life span: data from a representative sample of German-speaking adults living in Switzerland. Frontiers in psychology, 5, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01253
McDowell, I. (2006). Measuring health: A guide to rating scales and questionnaires. Oxford University Press.
McGrath, R. E. (2014). Character strengths in 75 nations: An update. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(1), 41-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.888580
McGrath, R. E., & Wallace, N. (2019). Cross-validation of the VIA inventory of strengths-revised and its short forms. Journal of personality assessment, 103(1), 120-131.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2019.1705465
Niemiec, R. M. (2017). Character strengths interventions: A field guide for practitioners. Hogrefe.
Noronha, A. P. P., & Barbosa, A. J. G. (2016). Forças e virtudes: Escala de forças de caráter. In C. S. Hutz (Eds.), Avaliação em Psicologia Positiva: Técnicas e Medidas (pp. 21-43). Hogrefre.
Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2006). Character strengths in fifty-four nations and the fifty US states. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(3), 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760600619567
Paúl, M. C. (1992). Satisfação de vida em idosos. Psychologica, 8, 61-80.
Peltokorpi, V., & Froese, F. (2014). Expatriate personality and cultural fit: The moderating role of host country context on job satisfaction. International Business Review, 23(1), 293-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2013.05.004
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. American Psychological Association. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-13277-000
Pinar, R., & Oz, H. (2011). Validity and reliability of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale among Turkish elderly people. Quality of Life Research, 20(1), 9-18.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-010-9723-4
Quinlan, D., Swain, N., & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2012). Character strengths interventions: Building on what we know for improved outcomes. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13, 1145–1163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-011-9311-5
Ramzan, M., Sattar, J., & Amjad, N. (2022). Character strengths and workplace happiness in university teachers. Competitive Social Science Research Journal, 3(1), 436-447.
https://cssrjournal.com/index.php/cssrjournal/article/view/226
Ruch, W., Proyer, R. T., & Weber, M. (2010). Humor as a character strength among the elderly: Empirical findings on age-related changes and its contribution to satisfaction with life. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie, 43(1), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-009-0090-0
Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychother Psychosom 83, 10-28.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000353263
Shimai, S., Otake, K., Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2006). Convergence of character strengths in American and Japanese young adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7(3), 311-322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-005-3647-7
Teater, B., & Chonody, J. M. (2020). How do older adults define successful aging? A scoping review. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 91(4), 599-625.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415019871207
Vinuto, J. (2014). A amostragem em bola de neve na pesquisa qualitativa: Um debate em aberto. Temáticas, 22(44), 203-220. https://doi.org/10.20396/tematicas.v22i44.10977
Wagner, L., Gander, F., Proyer, R. T., & Ruch, W. (2020). Character strengths and PERMA: Investigating the relationships of character strengths with a multidimensional framework of well-being. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 15, 307-328.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-018-9695-z
Waters, L., Algoe, S. B., Dutton, J., Emmons, R., Fredrickson, B. L., Heaphy, E., Moskowitzf, J. T., Neffg, K., Niemiech, R., Puryi, C., & Steger, M. (2022). Positive psychology in a pandemic: Buffering, bolstering, and building mental health. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 17(3), 303-323.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2021.1871945
Wippold, G. M., & Roncoroni, J. (2020). Hope and health‐related quality of life among chronically ill uninsured/underinsured adults. Journal of Community Psychology, 48(2), 576-589.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22270
Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2002). A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: Implications for the origins of sex differences. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 699-727.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.699
Cómo citar
Fortalezas del Carácter en Personas Mayores: un Estudio Transcultural. (2024). Revista Puertorriqueña De Psicologia, 35(3), 310-324. https://doi.org/10.55611/reps.3503.03
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Cómo citar
Fortalezas del Carácter en Personas Mayores: un Estudio Transcultural. (2024). Revista Puertorriqueña De Psicologia, 35(3), 310-324. https://doi.org/10.55611/reps.3503.03