Defining resiliency as a trans and nonbinary person in Puerto Rico: A grounded theory approach
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Publicado
May 17, 2023
Resumen
Según la literatura las minorías género-diversas enfrentan niveles más altos de estrés que la población general, pero los estudios sobre resiliencia para afrontar este escenario perjudicial son escasos. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: a) describir el significado de resiliencia entre participantes trans y personas no binarias (TEnby), b) construir una definición de resiliencia TEnby sensible al contexto de Puerto Rico a través de sus voces y c) explorar recursos internos y externos que mejoran la resiliencia de personas TEnby en función de su entendimiento del concepto. Llevamos a cabo un estudio exploratorio transversal cualitativo usando entrevistas semiestructuradas a tres personas TEnby residentes de Puerto Rico que fueron reclutadas por disponibilidad. Utilizamos el análisis de discurso desde un marco de teoría fundamentada, junto con triangulación por quienes investigaron y saturación por categoría. Los resultados preliminares se dividieron en: Sobrellevar adversidad (objetivo 1), Sobrevivir (objetivo 2), Recursos internos (objetivo 3) y Contexto (objetivo 3). Discutimos cómo lo que entendían como resiliencia TEnby parece ser un amortiguador de estrés (objetivos 1-2), y describimos los recursos identificados que afectan la forma en que estas personas y otras enfrentan la adversidad y sobreviven (objetivo 3). También, discutimos la resistencia al uso del concepto “resiliencia”.
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Keywords
trans, no binarie, Puerto Rico, resiliencia, sobrevivir
References
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Budge, S. L., Katz-Wise, S. L., Tebbe, E. N., Howard, K. A. S., Schneider, C. L., & Rodriguez, A. (2013). Transgender emotional and coping processes: Facili-tative and avoidant coping throughout gender transitioning. The Counseling Psychologist, 41(4), 601-647.
http://doi.org/10.1177/0011000011432753
Bockting, W. O., Miner, M. H., Swinburne Romine, R. E., Hamilton, A., & Coleman, E. (2013). Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the US transgender population. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 943–951. https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2013.301241
Chan, R. C. H., & Mak, W. W. S. (2021). Resistance as a form of resilience in sexual and gender minorities: Differential moderating roles of collective action on the discrimination–depression relation-ship among sexual minority men and women. Social Science & Medicine, 280, 114056.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114056
Clarke, J. A. (2019). They, them, and theirs. Harvard Law Review, 132(3), 894.
El Nuevo Día. (2021, March 30). 7 personas transgénero asesinadas en Puerto Rico. El Nuevo Día.
https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/fotogalerias/7-personas-transgenero-asesinadas-en-puerto-rico
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0205-2
Kwon, P. (2013). Resilience in lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17(4), 371–383. http://doi.org/10.1177/1088868313490248
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https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2016.1223253
Lozano-Beltrán, J. A. (2018). Prácticas de autocuidado y apoyo en mujeres transgénero residentes en Bogotá, durante sus procesos de tránsito de género. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Familia, 10(1), 99-119.
Malavé Lebrón, S. M., & González Rivera, S. (2009). Experiencias de vida de transgéneros/transexuales (masculino – femenino) puertorriqueños/as. Ciencias de la Conducta, 24(1), 97-120.
Malavet, P. A. (2000). Puerto Rico: Cultural Nation, American Colony. Michigan Journal of Race and Law, 6(1), 2-103.
Martínez-Taboas, A., Esteban, C., & Vázquez-Rivera, M. (2018). From darkness to daylight: The ascendancy of psychological research of LGBT in Puerto Rico. Ciencias de la Conducta, 33(1), 95-118.
Meléndez Sáez, M. D. C., Rodríguez Gómez, J. R., & Pastrana Vélez, M. (2015). Personas trans y su adherencia a la terapia antirretroviral para el VIH/SIDA. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, 49(3), 315-331.
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Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674-697.
http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
Meyer, I. H. (2015). Resilience in the study of minority stress and health of sexual and gender minorities. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(3), 209-213. http://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000132
Mizock, L., & Mueser, K. T. (2014). Employment, mental health, internalized stigma, and coping with transphobia among transgender individuals. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(2), 146-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000029
Padilla, M., & Rodríguez-Madera, S. (2021). Embodiment, gender transitioning, and necropolitics among transwomen in Puerto Rico. Current Anthropology, 62(S23), S26–S37.
https://doi.org/10.1086/711621
Padilla, M. B., Rodríguez-Madera, S., Varas-Díaz, N., & Ramos-Pibernus, A. (2016). Trans- migrations: Border-crossing and the politics of body modification among Puerto Rican transgender women. International Journal of Sexual Health, 28(4), 261-277.
http://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2016.1223256
Pérez-Brumer, A. G., Reisner, S. L., McLean, S. A., Silva-Santisteban, A., Huerta, L., Mayer, K. H., Sanchez, J., Clark, M., & Lama, J. R. (2017). Leveraging social capital: Multilevel stigma, associated HIV vulnerabilities, and social resilience strategies among transgender women in Lima, Peru. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 20(1), 21462. http://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.20.1.21462
Ramos-Pibernus, A. G. (2016). Hombres trans en Puerto Rico: Una comunidad escondida. Boletín Diversidad, 7(1), 10-11.
Ramos-Pibernus, A. G., Rivera-Segarra, E. R., Rodríguez-Madera, S. L., Varas-Díaz, N., & Padilla, M. (2020). Stigmatizing experiences of trans men in Puerto Rico: Implications for health. Transgender Health, 5(4), 234–240. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2020.0021
Ramos-Pibernus, A. G., Rodríguez-Madera, S., Padilla, M., Varas-Díaz, N., & Vargas Molina, R. (2016). Intersections and evolution of ‘Butch-trans’ categories in Puerto Rico: Needs and barriers of an invisible population. Global Public Health, 11(7-8), 966-980.
http://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2016.1180703
Ramos-Pibernus, A., Rodríguez-Madera, S., Rosario-Hernández, E., Moreta-Ávila, F., Silva-Reteguis, J., & Rivera-Segarra, E. (2022). COVID-19 impact on the psychological health of Latinx transgender and non-binary individuals in mainland United States and Puerto Rico: A mixed-methods study. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14375-3
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http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00684-X
Rivera Quiñones, C., Toro-Alfonso, J., & Meléndez, L. (2013). Minorías frente al alza en la criminalidad: Percepción de seguridad de la comunidad lesbiana, gay, bisexual y transgénero (LGBT) en Puerto Rico. Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 24(2).
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Rodríguez-Madera, S. L., Ramos-Pibernus, A., Padilla, M., & Vara-Díaz, N. (2016). Radiografía de las comunidades trans en Puerto Rico: Visibilizando femineidades y masculinidades alternas. En M. Vázquez-Rivera, A. Martínez-Taboas, M. Francia-Martínez, J. Toro-Alfonso (Eds.), LGBT 101: Una mirada al colectivo (pp. 141-161). Publicaciones Puertorrique-ñas.
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Budge, S. L., Chin, M. Y., & Minero, L. P. (2017). Trans individuals’ facilitative coping: An analysis of internal and external processes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(1), 12- 25. http://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000178
Budge, S. L., Katz-Wise, S. L., Tebbe, E. N., Howard, K. A. S., Schneider, C. L., & Rodriguez, A. (2013). Transgender emotional and coping processes: Facili-tative and avoidant coping throughout gender transitioning. The Counseling Psychologist, 41(4), 601-647.
http://doi.org/10.1177/0011000011432753
Bockting, W. O., Miner, M. H., Swinburne Romine, R. E., Hamilton, A., & Coleman, E. (2013). Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the US transgender population. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 943–951. https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2013.301241
Chan, R. C. H., & Mak, W. W. S. (2021). Resistance as a form of resilience in sexual and gender minorities: Differential moderating roles of collective action on the discrimination–depression relation-ship among sexual minority men and women. Social Science & Medicine, 280, 114056.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114056
Clarke, J. A. (2019). They, them, and theirs. Harvard Law Review, 132(3), 894.
El Nuevo Día. (2021, March 30). 7 personas transgénero asesinadas en Puerto Rico. El Nuevo Día.
https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/fotogalerias/7-personas-transgenero-asesinadas-en-puerto-rico
Esteban, C., Ramos-Pibernu, A., Irizarry-Rodríguez, A., Díaz-Medero, L. X., Mattei-Torres, E., & Jiménez-Ricuarte, C. (2022). LGBTAIQ+ research in Puerto Rico: What has been documented? In R. A. Chaparro & M. A. Máximo Prado (Eds.), Latinx queer psychology: Contributions to the study of LGBTIQ+, sexual and gender diversity issues (pp. 69–88). Springer.
Francia-Martínez, M., Esteban, C., & Lespier, Z. (2017). Actitudes, conocimiento y distancia social de psicoterapeutas con la comunidad transgénero y transexual. Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 28(1), 98-113.
https://www.repsasppr.net/index.php/reps/article/view/302
García Robles, R. F., & Sayers Montalvo, S. K. (2018). Resiliencia: Medición de la fortaleza interna. Publicaciones Puer-torriqueñas.
Giga, N. M., Danischewski, D. J., Greytak, E. A., Kosciw, J. G., & Ocasio-Domínguez, S. (2017). The Puerto Rico school climate survey: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth in Puerto Rico’s schools. GLSEN.
Grant, J. M., Mottet, L., Tanis, J. E., Harrison, J., Herman, J., & Keisling, M. (2011). Injustice at every turn: A report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey. National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.
Hendricks, M. L., & Testa, R. J. (2012). A conceptual framework for clinical work with transgender and gender nonconforming clients: An adaptation of the Minority Stress Model. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(5), 460–467.
http://doi.org/10.1037/a0029597
Hillier, A., Kroehle, K., Edwards, H., & Graves, G. (2019). Risk, resilience, resistance and situated agency of trans high school students. Journal of LGBT Youth, 17(4), 384-407.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2019.1668326
Kubicek, K., McNeeley, M., Holloway, I. W., Weiss, G., & Kipke, M. D. (2013). “It’s like our own little world”: Resilience as a factor in participating in the Ballroom community subculture. AIDS and Behavior, 17(4), 1524–1539.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0205-2
Kwon, P. (2013). Resilience in lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17(4), 371–383. http://doi.org/10.1177/1088868313490248
Lloréns, H., & Stanchich, M. (2019). Water is life, but the colony is a necropolis: Environmental terrains of struggle in Puerto Rico. Cultural Dynamics, 31(1-2), 81-101.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0921374019826200
Logie, C. H., Lee-Foon, N., Jones, N., Mena, K., Levermore, K., Newman, P. A., Andrinopoulos, K., & Baral, S. (2016). Exploring lived experiences of violence and coping among lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth in Kingston, Jamaica. International Journal of Sexual Health, 28(4), 343-353.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2016.1223253
Lozano-Beltrán, J. A. (2018). Prácticas de autocuidado y apoyo en mujeres transgénero residentes en Bogotá, durante sus procesos de tránsito de género. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Familia, 10(1), 99-119.
Malavé Lebrón, S. M., & González Rivera, S. (2009). Experiencias de vida de transgéneros/transexuales (masculino – femenino) puertorriqueños/as. Ciencias de la Conducta, 24(1), 97-120.
Malavet, P. A. (2000). Puerto Rico: Cultural Nation, American Colony. Michigan Journal of Race and Law, 6(1), 2-103.
Martínez-Taboas, A., Esteban, C., & Vázquez-Rivera, M. (2018). From darkness to daylight: The ascendancy of psychological research of LGBT in Puerto Rico. Ciencias de la Conducta, 33(1), 95-118.
Meléndez Sáez, M. D. C., Rodríguez Gómez, J. R., & Pastrana Vélez, M. (2015). Personas trans y su adherencia a la terapia antirretroviral para el VIH/SIDA. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, 49(3), 315-331.
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Survival. In Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/survival
Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1), 38-56. http://doi.org/10.2307/2137286
Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674-697.
http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
Meyer, I. H. (2015). Resilience in the study of minority stress and health of sexual and gender minorities. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(3), 209-213. http://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000132
Mizock, L., & Mueser, K. T. (2014). Employment, mental health, internalized stigma, and coping with transphobia among transgender individuals. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(2), 146-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000029
Padilla, M., & Rodríguez-Madera, S. (2021). Embodiment, gender transitioning, and necropolitics among transwomen in Puerto Rico. Current Anthropology, 62(S23), S26–S37.
https://doi.org/10.1086/711621
Padilla, M. B., Rodríguez-Madera, S., Varas-Díaz, N., & Ramos-Pibernus, A. (2016). Trans- migrations: Border-crossing and the politics of body modification among Puerto Rican transgender women. International Journal of Sexual Health, 28(4), 261-277.
http://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2016.1223256
Pérez-Brumer, A. G., Reisner, S. L., McLean, S. A., Silva-Santisteban, A., Huerta, L., Mayer, K. H., Sanchez, J., Clark, M., & Lama, J. R. (2017). Leveraging social capital: Multilevel stigma, associated HIV vulnerabilities, and social resilience strategies among transgender women in Lima, Peru. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 20(1), 21462. http://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.20.1.21462
Ramos-Pibernus, A. G. (2016). Hombres trans en Puerto Rico: Una comunidad escondida. Boletín Diversidad, 7(1), 10-11.
Ramos-Pibernus, A. G., Rivera-Segarra, E. R., Rodríguez-Madera, S. L., Varas-Díaz, N., & Padilla, M. (2020). Stigmatizing experiences of trans men in Puerto Rico: Implications for health. Transgender Health, 5(4), 234–240. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2020.0021
Ramos-Pibernus, A. G., Rodríguez-Madera, S., Padilla, M., Varas-Díaz, N., & Vargas Molina, R. (2016). Intersections and evolution of ‘Butch-trans’ categories in Puerto Rico: Needs and barriers of an invisible population. Global Public Health, 11(7-8), 966-980.
http://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2016.1180703
Ramos-Pibernus, A., Rodríguez-Madera, S., Rosario-Hernández, E., Moreta-Ávila, F., Silva-Reteguis, J., & Rivera-Segarra, E. (2022). COVID-19 impact on the psychological health of Latinx transgender and non-binary individuals in mainland United States and Puerto Rico: A mixed-methods study. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14375-3
Reisner, S. L., Poteat, T., Keatley, J., Cabral, M., Mothopeng, T., Dunham, E., Holland, C. E., Max, R., Baral, S. D. (2016). Global health burden and needs of transgender populations: A review. The Lancet, 388(10042), 412-436.
http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00684-X
Rivera Quiñones, C., Toro-Alfonso, J., & Meléndez, L. (2013). Minorías frente al alza en la criminalidad: Percepción de seguridad de la comunidad lesbiana, gay, bisexual y transgénero (LGBT) en Puerto Rico. Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 24(2).
https://www.repsasppr.net/index.php/reps/article/view/222
Roberts, M. (2020, October 2). HRC mourns Michelle Michellyn Ramos Vargas, transgender woman killed in Puerto Rico. Human Rights Campaign. https://www.hrc.org/news/hrc-
mourns-michelle-michellyn-ramos-vargas-transgender-woman-killed-in-puerto-rico
Robinson, B. A., & Schmitz, R. M. (2021). Beyond resilience: Resistance in the lives of LGBTQ youth. Sociology Compass, 15(12).
https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12947
Rodríguez-Madera, S. L., Ramos-Pibernus, A., Padilla, M., & Vara-Díaz, N. (2016). Radiografía de las comunidades trans en Puerto Rico: Visibilizando femineidades y masculinidades alternas. En M. Vázquez-Rivera, A. Martínez-Taboas, M. Francia-Martínez, J. Toro-Alfonso (Eds.), LGBT 101: Una mirada al colectivo (pp. 141-161). Publicaciones Puertorrique-ñas.
Scandurra, C., Amodeo, A. L., Valerio, P., Bochicchio, V., & Frost, D. M. (2017). Minority stress, resilience, and mental health: A study of Italian transgender people. Journal of Social Issues, 73(3), 563-585. http://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12232
Valentine, V. (2015). Non-binary people’s experiences in the UK. Scottish Trans and Equality Network.
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Cómo citar
Defining resiliency as a trans and nonbinary person in Puerto Rico: A grounded theory approach. (2023). Revista Puertorriqueña De Psicologia, 34(1), 124-141. https://doi.org/10.55611/reps.3401.09
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Cómo citar
Defining resiliency as a trans and nonbinary person in Puerto Rico: A grounded theory approach. (2023). Revista Puertorriqueña De Psicologia, 34(1), 124-141. https://doi.org/10.55611/reps.3401.09