DSM-5-TR: Antecedentes históricos y descripción general de los principales cambios
Resumen
La revisión del texto de la quinta edición del Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico (DSM-5-TR, por sus siglas en inglés) de la Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría (APA, por sus siglas en inglés) fue publicada en marzo de 2022. La publicación de cada versión del DSM genera reacciones inmediatas que aumentan la curiosidad, abren nuevos (y viejos) debates y promueven la discusión entre distintos sectores. En este artículo presentamos un resumen de los principales antecedentes históricos del DSM, así como algunas críticas y reflexiones que han surgido alrededor de la publicación de cada manual. También, presentamos los principales cambios incluidos en el DSM-5-TR en comparación con el DSM-5. Por último, hacemos comentarios finales reflexionando sobre si era necesaria la publicación de una nueva versión del DSM o no.
##plugins.generic.articleMetricsGraph.articlePageHeading##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
DSM-5-TR, diagnóstico, trastorno mental, clasificación, historia
American Psychiatric Association. (1952). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. American Psychiatric Association.
American Psychiatric Association. (1968). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (2nd ed). American Psychiatric Association.
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). American Psychiatric Association.
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). American Psychiatric Association.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). American Psychiatric Association.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013a). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
American Psychiatric Association. (2013b). The people behind DSM-5. Educational Resources. https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Psychiatrists/Practice/DSM/APA_DSM_People-Behind-DSM-5.pdf
American Psychiatric Association. (2022a). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
American Psychiatric Association. (2022b). DSM History. Educational Resources. https://psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-resources
American Psychiatric Association. (2022c). The people behind DSM-5-TR. Educational Resources.
https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Psychiatrists/Practice/DSM/DSM-5-TR/APA-DSM5TR-ThePeopleBehindDSM.pdf
American Psychiatric Association. (2022d). Facts about DSM-5-TR. Psychiatric News. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2022.03.3.28
American Psychiatric Association. (2022e). DSM-5-TR section III. Educational Resources. https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Psychiatrists/Practice/DSM/DSM-5-TR/APA-DSM5TR-SectionIII.pdf
American Psychiatric Association. (2022f). Coding and recording procedures. Educational Resources.
https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Psychiatrists/Practice/DSM/DSM-5-TR/APA-DSM5TR-Coding.pdf
American Psychiatric Association. (2022g). Attention to culture, racism, and discrimination in DSM-5-TR. Educational Resources. https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Psychiatrists/Practice/DSM/DSM-5-TR/APA-DSM5TR-AttentiontoCultureRacismandDiscrimination.pdf
Angel, K. (2012). Contested psychiatric ontology and feminist critique: 'Female sexual dysfunction' and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. History of the Human Sciences, 25(4), 3-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695112456949
Blashfield, R. K., Keeley, J. W., Flanagan, E. H., & Miles, S. R. (2014). The cycle of classification: DSM-I through DSM-5. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 25–51. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153639
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). ICD-10-CM official guidelines for coding and reporting.
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/icd/10cmguidelines_2013_final.pdf
Decker, H. S. (2013). The making of DSM-III®: A diagnostic manual's conquest of American psychiatry. Oxford University Press.
Feighner, J. P., Robins, E., Guze, S. B., Woodruff, R. A., Jr, Winokur, G., & Munoz, R. (1972). Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26(1), 57–63.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1972.01750190059011
First, M. B., & Pincus, H. A. (2002). The DSM-IV Text Revision: Rationale and potential impact on clinical practice. Psychiatric services, 53(3), 288–292.
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.53.3.288
Fischer, B. A. (2012). A review of American psychiatry through its diagnoses: The history and development of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 200(12), 1022-1030. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e318275cf19
Frances, A. (2013a). Saving normal: An insider's revolt against out-of-control psychiatric diagnosis, DSM-5, Big Pharma, and the medicalization of ordinary life. William Morrow.
Frances, A. (2013b). The new somatic symptom disorder in DSM-5 risks mislabeling many people as mentally ill. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 346, f1580. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f1580
García-Zabaleta, O. (2018). Los problemas y limitaciones del DSM-5. Dilemata, 27(1), 367-391.
Grob, G. N. (1991). Origins of DSM-I: A study in appearance and reality. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 148(4), 421–431. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.148.4.421
Gruenberg, E. M. (1969) How can the new diagnostic manual help? International Journal of Psychiatry, 7, 368-374.
Kawa, S., & Giordano, J. (2012). A brief historicity of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Issues and implications for the future of psychiatric canon and practice [Editorial]. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine, 7, 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-5341-7-2
Kraepelin, K. (1894). Revision der Skorpione. II. Scorpionidae und Bothriuridae. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 11(1), 1-248.
Leon-Sanromà, M., Mínguez, J., Cerecedo, M. J., & Téllez, J. (2014). ¿Nos pasamos al DSM-5? Un debate con implicaciones clínicas, sociales y económicas. Atención Primaria, 46(1), 4-5.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2013.10.002
Maercker, A., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Cloitre, M., Reed, G. M., van Ommeren, M., Humayun, A., Jones, L. M., Kagee, A., Llosa, A. E., Rousseau, C., Somasundaram, D. J., Souza, R., Suzuki, Y., Weissbecker, I., Wessely, S. C., First, M. B., & Saxena, S. (2013). Proposals for mental disorders specifically associated with stress in the International Classification of Diseases-11. The Lan-cet, 381(9878), 1683-1685.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)62191-6
Mayes, R., & Horwitz, A. V. (2005). DSM-III and the revolution in the classification of mental illness. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 41(3), 249–267. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbs.20103
Mezzich, J. E. (2002). International surveys on the use of ICD-10 and related diagnostic systems. Psychopathology, 35(2-3), 72–75. https://doi.org/10.1159/000065122
Moran, M. (2021). Updated DSM-5 text revisions to be released in March. Psychiatric News.
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2022.1.20
Moran, M. (2022). Impact of culture, race, social determinants reflected throughout new DSM-5-TR. Psychiatric News. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2022.03.3.20
National Center for Health Statistics. (2015). International Classification of Diseases, (ICD-10-CM/PCS). Transition – Back-ground. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd10cm_pcs_background.htm
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (1948). Clasificación estadística internacional de enfermedades, traumatismos y causas de defunción (CIE-6). Organización Mundial de la Salud.
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (1957). Clasificación estadística internacional de enfermedades, traumatismos y causas de defunción (CIE-7). Organización Mundial de la Salud.
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (1968). Clasificación estadística internacional de enfermedades y problemas de salud conexos (8va ed.). Organización Mundial de la Salud.
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (1993). Clasificación estadística internacional de enfermedades y problemas de salud conexos (10ma ed.). Organización Mundial de la Salud.
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2019). Clasificación estadística internacional de enfermedades y problemas de salud conexos (11ma ed.).
https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/es
Pressman, J. D. (1997). Psychiatry and its origins. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 71(1), 129-139.
http://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.1997.0044
Regier, D. A., Kuhl, E. A., & Kupfer, D. J. (2013). The DSM-5: Classification and criteria changes. World psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 12(2), 92–98.
https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20050
Rogler, L. H. (1997). Making sense of historical changes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Five propositions. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38(1), 9–20.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2955358
Salmon, T. W., Copp, O., May, J. V., Abbot, E. S., & Cotton, H. A. (1917). Report of the committee on statistics of the American Medico-Psychological Association. Ameri-can Journal of Insanity, 74, 255–260.
Sperry, L. (2016). Handbook of diagnosis and treatment of DSM-5 personality disorders: Assessment, case conceptualization, and treatment. Routledge.
Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Gibbon, M., & First, M. B. (1990). User's guide for the structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R: SCID. American Psychiatric Association.
Tyrer P. (2018). Robert Spitzer's legacy: Agreement is halfway to truth. BJPsych bulletin, 42(5), 198–199. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjb.2018.22
Widiger, T. A., Frances, A. J., Pincus, H. A., Davis, W. W., & First, M. B. (1991). Toward an empirical classification for the DSM-IV. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3), 280–288.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.280
Wortis J. (1982). DSM III: The big debate. Biological Psychiatry, 17(12), 1363–1365.
Zimmerman, M. (1989). Is DSM-IV needed at all? [Letter to the editor]. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 959-961.