Hegemonic masculinity as a key factor on health beliefs and seeking help in Puerto Rican
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Publicado
Mar 20, 2017
Resumen
High blood pressure is a serious heart disease that poses a potential health risk among minority men. Minority populations of Hispanic ethnic background often practice poor preventive behaviors and access to healthcare. In comparison to women, men show difficulties in perceiving threatening signs in their bodies, avoid routine checkups, and have poor adherence to treatment. According to the literature, men’s views about health are influenced by their perception of masculinity. The present study examined the experience of 14 Puerto Rican men with hypertension who participated in focus groups. Participants answered questions regarding health, social support, and masculinity. A thematic based coding strategy approach and discourse analyses were used. Protective factors, risk factors, and cultural values for prevention are discussed. The most frequent subthemes that emerged were emotional support based on interpersonal support and spiritual support. The study also found a relationship among the following themes: masculinity and health beliefs; emotional support and health beliefs, and masculinity. These findings provided an opportunity to address risk prevention including adherence to treatment from spouse and partner support as a cultural bridge between men and health in Puerto Rico. Finally, the findings could help to promote research on health psychology in minority populations and the challenges men face with seeking help.
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References
References
Addis, M. E., & Cohane, G. H. (2005). Social scientific paradigms of masculinity and their implications for research and practice in men’s health. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61,633647. doi:10.1002/JCP.20099
Adegbola, M. (2006). Spirituality and quality of life in chronic Illness. The Journal of Theory Construction and Testing, 10, 4246.
Alderete, E., Vega, W. A., Kolody, B., & Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. (2000). Lifetime prevalence of and risk factors for psychiatric disorders among Mexican migrant farmworkers in California. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 608614. doi:10.2105/AJPH.90.4.608
Brandes, S. (1991). Metáforas de la masculinidad, sexo y estatus en el folklore andaluz. [Metaphors of masculinity, gender and the Andalusian folklore status] España: Taurus Ediciones.
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. (2005). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Informe Anual 20032005. Retrieved from http://www.estadisticas.gobierno.pr/iepr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=IwayRkNiBj8%3D&tabid=186
Brown, K., Avis, M., & Hubbard, M. (2007). Health beliefs of African-Caribbean people with type 2 diabetes: A qualitative study. The British Journal of General Practices, 57, 461469.
Büssing, A., & Koenig, H. G. (2010). Spiritual needs of patients with chronic diseases. Religions, 1, 1827. doi:10.3390/rel1010018
Casas, J. M. (1995). Counseling and psychotherapy with racial/ethnic minority groups in theory and practice. In B. Bongar & L. E. Beutler (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychotherapy: Theory and practice (pp. 311335). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011a). Health United States, 2011: With special feature on socioeconomic status and health. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus11.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011b). Heart disease and stroke prevention: Addressing the nation’s leading killers at a glance. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/aag/pdf/2011/Heart-Disease-and-Stroke-AAG-2011.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Health, United States, 2013: With special feature on prescription drugs. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus13.pdf
Connell, R.W. (2005). Masculinities (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
Courtenay, W. H. (2000). Engendering health: A social constructionist examination of men’s health beliefs and behaviors. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 1, 415.
Courtenay, W. H. (2002). A global perspective on the field of men’s health: An editorial. International Journal of Men’s Health, 1, 113.
Courtenay, W. H. (2003). Key determinants of the health and the well-being of men and boys. International Journal of Men’s Health, 2, 127.
Courtenay, W. H. (2011). Behavioral factors associated with disease, injury and death among men. In W. H. Courtenay (Ed.), Dying to be men. Psychosocial, environmental, and biobehavioral directions in promoting health of men and boys (pp. 43107). New York, NY: Routledge.
Courtenay, W. H., McCreary, D. R., & Merighi, J. R. (2002). Gender and ethnic differences in health beliefs and behaviors. Journal of Health Psychology, 7, 219231. doi:10.1177/1359105302007003216
Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 24, 349354. doi:10.1037/h0047358
Dyer, J., & Beck, N. (2007). Psychocardiology: Advancing the assessment and treatment of heart patients. Electronic Journal of Applied Psychology, 3, 312.
Fisher, J. D., & Fisher, W. A. (2000). Theoretical approaches to individual-level change in HIV risk behavior. In J. L. Peterson & R. J. DiClemente (Ed.), Handbook of HIV prevention (pp. 355). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Fleming, P. J., Lee, J. G., & Dworkin, S. L. (2014). ‘Real men don’t’: Constructions of masculinity and inadvertent harm in public health interventions. American Journal of Public Health, 104, 10291035. doi:2105/AJPH.2013.301820
Galdas, P. M., Cheater, F., & Marshall, P. (2005). Men and health help seeking behavior: Literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 49, 616623.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03331.x
Instituto de Estadísticas de Puerto Rico (2009). Tendencias en la salud: PR-BRFSS [Insert English Translation of Title]. Retrieved from http://www.estadisticas.gobierno.pr/iepr/Publicaciones/Proyectosespeciales/TendenciasenlaSaludPRBRFSS/PRBRFSS.aspx
Kimmel, M. S. (1994). Masculinity as homophobia: Fear, shame, and silence in the construction of gender identity. En H. Brod & M. Kaufman (Eds.), Theorizing masculinities (pp. 119141). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Kimmel, M. S., Hearn, J. R., & Connell, R. W. (Eds.). (2005). Handbook of studies on men and masculinities. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Levant, R. F., & Wimer, D. J. (2014). Masculinity constructs as protective buffers and risk factors for men’s health. American Journal of Men’s Health, 8, 110120. doi:10.1177/1557988313494408
Livington, G., Minushkin, S., & Cohn, D. (2008). Hispanic and health care in the United States: Access, information, and knowledge. Retrieved from Pew Research Hispanic Trends Project website: http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/91.pdf
López-Baez, S. (1999). Marianismo. In J. S. Mio, J. E. Trimble, P. Arredondo, H. E. Cheatham, & D. Sue (Eds.), Key words in multicultural interventions: A dictionary (p. 183). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Marín, G., & Triandis, H. C. (1985). Allocentrism as an important characteristic of the behavior of Latin American and Hispanics. In R. Diaz (Ed.), Cross-cultural and national studies in social psychology (pp. 85104). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers.
Pajewski, A., & Enriquez, L. (1996). Teaching from a Hispanic perspective: A handbook for non-Hispanic adult educators. Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Adult Literacy and Technology Resource Center.
Porrata, J. (1995). Deseabilidad social en niños y adultos puertorriqueños. [Social desrirability in Puerto Rican children and adults]. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 27, 305312.
Ramírez, R. (1999). Dime capitán: Reflexiones sobre masculinidad. [Tell me captain: Reflections on masculinity]. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Huracán.
Rodríguez, I., & Marazzi, S. (2010) Nuevas estadísticas de mortalidad. [New statistics on mortality]. Retrieved from tendenciaspr website: http://tendenciaspr.uprrp.edu/Poblacion/Mortalidad_PR/NuevaMortalidad.FINAL.pdf
Seal, D. W., Bogart, L. M., & Ehrhardt, A. A. (1998). Small group dynamics: The utility of focus group discussions as a research method. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2, 253–266. doi:10.1037/1089-2699.2.4.253
Sperry, L. (2009). Treatment of chronic medical conditions: Cognitive-behavioral therapy strategies and integrative treatment protocols. Washington, DC: American Psychology Association.
Suicide Prevention Resource Center. (2013). Suicide among racial/ethnic populations in the U.S. Retrieved from http://www.sprc.org/sites/sprc.org/files/library/Hispanics%20Sheet%20Aug%2028%202013%20Final.pdf
Sontag, S. (1978). Illness as metaphor. New York, NY: Anchor Books.
Thompson, E. R., & Phua, F. T. T. (2005). Reliability among senior managers of the Marlowe-Crowne short-form Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Business Psychology, 19, 541554. doi:10.1007/s10869-005-4524-4
Toro-Alfonso, J. (2008). Masculinidades subordinadas: Investigaciones hacia la transformación del género. [Subordinated masculinity: Research towards a gender transformation]. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Públicaciones Puertorriqueñas.
Toro-Alfonso, J. (2009). La investigación sobre las masculinidades. [Research on masculinity] En J. Toro-Alfonso (Ed). Lo masculino en evidencia. Investigaciones sobre la masculinidad. Una mirada desde la construcción de las masculinidades [Male in evidence. Research on masculinity. An approach on masculinity construction]. (pp. 1333). San Juan, Puerto Rico: Públicaciones Puertorriqueñas, Inc.
Weiss, M. (1997). Signifying the pandemics: Metaphors of AIDS, cancer, and heart disease. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 11, 456476. doi:10.1525/maq.1997.11.4.456
Williams, D. R. (2003). The health of men: Structural inequalities and opportunities. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 724731.
World Health Organization. (2013). A global brief on hypertension: A silent killer, global public health crisis. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/publications/global_brief_hypertension/en/
Addis, M. E., & Cohane, G. H. (2005). Social scientific paradigms of masculinity and their implications for research and practice in men’s health. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61,633647. doi:10.1002/JCP.20099
Adegbola, M. (2006). Spirituality and quality of life in chronic Illness. The Journal of Theory Construction and Testing, 10, 4246.
Alderete, E., Vega, W. A., Kolody, B., & Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. (2000). Lifetime prevalence of and risk factors for psychiatric disorders among Mexican migrant farmworkers in California. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 608614. doi:10.2105/AJPH.90.4.608
Brandes, S. (1991). Metáforas de la masculinidad, sexo y estatus en el folklore andaluz. [Metaphors of masculinity, gender and the Andalusian folklore status] España: Taurus Ediciones.
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. (2005). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Informe Anual 20032005. Retrieved from http://www.estadisticas.gobierno.pr/iepr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=IwayRkNiBj8%3D&tabid=186
Brown, K., Avis, M., & Hubbard, M. (2007). Health beliefs of African-Caribbean people with type 2 diabetes: A qualitative study. The British Journal of General Practices, 57, 461469.
Büssing, A., & Koenig, H. G. (2010). Spiritual needs of patients with chronic diseases. Religions, 1, 1827. doi:10.3390/rel1010018
Casas, J. M. (1995). Counseling and psychotherapy with racial/ethnic minority groups in theory and practice. In B. Bongar & L. E. Beutler (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychotherapy: Theory and practice (pp. 311335). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011a). Health United States, 2011: With special feature on socioeconomic status and health. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus11.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011b). Heart disease and stroke prevention: Addressing the nation’s leading killers at a glance. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/aag/pdf/2011/Heart-Disease-and-Stroke-AAG-2011.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Health, United States, 2013: With special feature on prescription drugs. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus13.pdf
Connell, R.W. (2005). Masculinities (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
Courtenay, W. H. (2000). Engendering health: A social constructionist examination of men’s health beliefs and behaviors. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 1, 415.
Courtenay, W. H. (2002). A global perspective on the field of men’s health: An editorial. International Journal of Men’s Health, 1, 113.
Courtenay, W. H. (2003). Key determinants of the health and the well-being of men and boys. International Journal of Men’s Health, 2, 127.
Courtenay, W. H. (2011). Behavioral factors associated with disease, injury and death among men. In W. H. Courtenay (Ed.), Dying to be men. Psychosocial, environmental, and biobehavioral directions in promoting health of men and boys (pp. 43107). New York, NY: Routledge.
Courtenay, W. H., McCreary, D. R., & Merighi, J. R. (2002). Gender and ethnic differences in health beliefs and behaviors. Journal of Health Psychology, 7, 219231. doi:10.1177/1359105302007003216
Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 24, 349354. doi:10.1037/h0047358
Dyer, J., & Beck, N. (2007). Psychocardiology: Advancing the assessment and treatment of heart patients. Electronic Journal of Applied Psychology, 3, 312.
Fisher, J. D., & Fisher, W. A. (2000). Theoretical approaches to individual-level change in HIV risk behavior. In J. L. Peterson & R. J. DiClemente (Ed.), Handbook of HIV prevention (pp. 355). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Fleming, P. J., Lee, J. G., & Dworkin, S. L. (2014). ‘Real men don’t’: Constructions of masculinity and inadvertent harm in public health interventions. American Journal of Public Health, 104, 10291035. doi:2105/AJPH.2013.301820
Galdas, P. M., Cheater, F., & Marshall, P. (2005). Men and health help seeking behavior: Literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 49, 616623.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03331.x
Instituto de Estadísticas de Puerto Rico (2009). Tendencias en la salud: PR-BRFSS [Insert English Translation of Title]. Retrieved from http://www.estadisticas.gobierno.pr/iepr/Publicaciones/Proyectosespeciales/TendenciasenlaSaludPRBRFSS/PRBRFSS.aspx
Kimmel, M. S. (1994). Masculinity as homophobia: Fear, shame, and silence in the construction of gender identity. En H. Brod & M. Kaufman (Eds.), Theorizing masculinities (pp. 119141). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Kimmel, M. S., Hearn, J. R., & Connell, R. W. (Eds.). (2005). Handbook of studies on men and masculinities. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Levant, R. F., & Wimer, D. J. (2014). Masculinity constructs as protective buffers and risk factors for men’s health. American Journal of Men’s Health, 8, 110120. doi:10.1177/1557988313494408
Livington, G., Minushkin, S., & Cohn, D. (2008). Hispanic and health care in the United States: Access, information, and knowledge. Retrieved from Pew Research Hispanic Trends Project website: http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/91.pdf
López-Baez, S. (1999). Marianismo. In J. S. Mio, J. E. Trimble, P. Arredondo, H. E. Cheatham, & D. Sue (Eds.), Key words in multicultural interventions: A dictionary (p. 183). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Marín, G., & Triandis, H. C. (1985). Allocentrism as an important characteristic of the behavior of Latin American and Hispanics. In R. Diaz (Ed.), Cross-cultural and national studies in social psychology (pp. 85104). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers.
Pajewski, A., & Enriquez, L. (1996). Teaching from a Hispanic perspective: A handbook for non-Hispanic adult educators. Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Adult Literacy and Technology Resource Center.
Porrata, J. (1995). Deseabilidad social en niños y adultos puertorriqueños. [Social desrirability in Puerto Rican children and adults]. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 27, 305312.
Ramírez, R. (1999). Dime capitán: Reflexiones sobre masculinidad. [Tell me captain: Reflections on masculinity]. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Huracán.
Rodríguez, I., & Marazzi, S. (2010) Nuevas estadísticas de mortalidad. [New statistics on mortality]. Retrieved from tendenciaspr website: http://tendenciaspr.uprrp.edu/Poblacion/Mortalidad_PR/NuevaMortalidad.FINAL.pdf
Seal, D. W., Bogart, L. M., & Ehrhardt, A. A. (1998). Small group dynamics: The utility of focus group discussions as a research method. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2, 253–266. doi:10.1037/1089-2699.2.4.253
Sperry, L. (2009). Treatment of chronic medical conditions: Cognitive-behavioral therapy strategies and integrative treatment protocols. Washington, DC: American Psychology Association.
Suicide Prevention Resource Center. (2013). Suicide among racial/ethnic populations in the U.S. Retrieved from http://www.sprc.org/sites/sprc.org/files/library/Hispanics%20Sheet%20Aug%2028%202013%20Final.pdf
Sontag, S. (1978). Illness as metaphor. New York, NY: Anchor Books.
Thompson, E. R., & Phua, F. T. T. (2005). Reliability among senior managers of the Marlowe-Crowne short-form Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Business Psychology, 19, 541554. doi:10.1007/s10869-005-4524-4
Toro-Alfonso, J. (2008). Masculinidades subordinadas: Investigaciones hacia la transformación del género. [Subordinated masculinity: Research towards a gender transformation]. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Públicaciones Puertorriqueñas.
Toro-Alfonso, J. (2009). La investigación sobre las masculinidades. [Research on masculinity] En J. Toro-Alfonso (Ed). Lo masculino en evidencia. Investigaciones sobre la masculinidad. Una mirada desde la construcción de las masculinidades [Male in evidence. Research on masculinity. An approach on masculinity construction]. (pp. 1333). San Juan, Puerto Rico: Públicaciones Puertorriqueñas, Inc.
Weiss, M. (1997). Signifying the pandemics: Metaphors of AIDS, cancer, and heart disease. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 11, 456476. doi:10.1525/maq.1997.11.4.456
Williams, D. R. (2003). The health of men: Structural inequalities and opportunities. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 724731.
World Health Organization. (2013). A global brief on hypertension: A silent killer, global public health crisis. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/publications/global_brief_hypertension/en/
Cómo citar
Hegemonic masculinity as a key factor on health beliefs and seeking help in Puerto Rican. (2017). Revista Puertorriqueña De Psicologia, 28(1), 134-147. https://www.repsasppr.net/index.php/reps/article/view/300
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Cómo citar
Hegemonic masculinity as a key factor on health beliefs and seeking help in Puerto Rican. (2017). Revista Puertorriqueña De Psicologia, 28(1), 134-147. https://www.repsasppr.net/index.php/reps/article/view/300